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Connecticut Privateer Schooner Young Cromwell |
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| Young Cromwell | (1) Commander William Wattles [Watters] |
| Schooner | 5 June 1779-September 1779 |
| Connecticut Privateer Schooner | (2) Commander Benjamin Hilliard
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| Commissioned/First Date: | 5 June 1779 |
| Out of Service/Cause: | 23 November 1781/captured by HM Frigate Amphion |
| Owners: | Joseph Williams et al of Norwich, Connecticut |
| Tonnage: |
| Battery: | Date Reported: 5 June 1779 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 10/ Total: 10 cannon/ Broadside: 5 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 5 October 1779 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 10/ Total: 10 cannon/ Broadside: 5 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: October 1779 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 16/ Total: 16 cannon/ Broadside: 8 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 22 May 1780 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 12/ Total: 12 cannon/ Broadside: 6 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 30 March 1781 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 12/ Total: 12 cannon/ Broadside: 6 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 16 July 1781 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 10/ Total: 10 cannon/ Broadside: 5 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 6 November 1781 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 12/ Total: 12 cannon/ Broadside: 6 cannon/ Swivels: |
| Crew: | (1) 5 June 1779: 46 [total]
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| Description: |
| Officers: | (1) First Lieutenant John Cook, 5 June 1781-6 November 1781; (2) [Second] Lieutenant Henry Wattles, [June] 1781- |
| Cruises: | (1) New London, Connecticut, to, [10] June 1779-
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| Prizes: | (1) Brigantine Nancy, [25] June 1779, with Connecticut Privateer Sloops Beaver and Hancock
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| Actions: | (1) Action with the Dolphin, 7 April 1780
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Comments:
Connecticut Privateer Schooner Young Cromwell was first commissioned on 5 June 1779 under Commander William Wattles1 [Watters] of Norwich, Connecticut. She was reported as being armed with ten guns and as having a crew of forty-five men. Young Cromwell was bonded for $5,000 by Wattles, and by Joseph Williams and William Coit, both of Norwich.2 She was owned by Joseph Williams & Co. of Norwich.3
Young Cromwell was at sea soon after. On 29 June,4 the 100-ton brigantine Nancy5 arrived at New London, a prize to the Young Cromwell. She was bound from Halifax, Nova Scotia with a cargo of fish, oil and potatoes, and had a British Commissary of Prisoners aboard as a passenger. The brig had been captured with the assistance of the Connecticut Privateer Sloop Beaver (Commander William Havens) and the Connecticut Privateer Sloop Hancock (Commander Peter Richards).6 Nancy was advertised for sale on 21 July 1779, with the sale to be held on 26 July.7
On 8 September 1779 Young Cromwell sent in the “large” sloop Peggy (Heman Kenney), bound from Halifax, Nova Scotia to New York, New York8 (or to the West Indies)9 with a cargo of lumber,10 spars and masts.11 She was twenty days out from Halifax when captured.12 and, with Connecticut Privateer Sloop Retaliation (Commander Azariah Whittlesey), the brig Walpole (William Robertson), bound from Cork, Ireland with a cargo of bread, flour, beef and butter.13 These two were sailing in company when captured.14 She also re-captured the former Massachusetts Privateer Brigantine Endeavour (Commander George May), bound from Boston, Massachusetts to the West Indies.15 All arrived at New London.16 The prizes were condemned on 5 October 1779.17 A fourth prize was also a re-capture, bound from the West Indies to Boston.18 Walpole was libeled on 15 September (Retaliation joined the libel); and Peggy and Endeavour were libeled the same day. The trial of all three was set for 5 October 1779.19 Walpole, listed as 160 tons, was advertised for sale on 13 October, with the sale to be held on 21 October. Brigantine Endeavour, armed with four 4-pounders and swivel guns, and her cargo of lumber and fish, and sloop Fly, listed as 40 tons, were to be sold at the same time.20
The Endeavour had sailed for the West Indies. En route she captured (perhaps re-captured) a brig with tobacco. Soon after this the crew rose on May and took charge of the brig. They steered for New York. Off New York the Endeavour was pursued by the Young Cromwell, the Retaliation, and the privateers Eagle and Gates. The mutineers ran her ashore on the back of Long Island and escaped. The brig was gotten off with no damage.21
Young Cromwell was at sea on 20 September, when she sighted a fleet of forty sail, including five or six large ships, at 40°N, 20°W, steering North by West.22 On 2523 or 29 September24 a sloop25 arrived at New London. The prize was bound from Newfoundland to New York with fish and wine. She had been captured by the Young Cromwell with the Gates and the Beaver. A brig, bound from New York to Quebec, Quebec, arrived the next day, with a cargo of salt and some tobacco.26 On 25/26 September Young Cromwell, Hancock, Beaver, and Gates all came into New London.27
Young Cromwell was commissioned again on 5 October 1779, with Benjamin Hilliard as her new commander. She is listed as being armed with ten guns and as having a crew of forty-five men. She was bonded for $5000.28
The story of the following voyage is given by a member of Young Cromwell’s crew, Ebenezer Averill. Averill, in a later pension application, said: “That in the latter part of Sept or first of October 178029 he again sailed from New London on board the privateer schooner Young Cromwell carrying sixteen guns and commanded by Capt. Hilliard for a three months cruise that said vessel sailed first to the banks of Newfoundland where they cruised for some time without success and from thence sailed to New York and cruised off that place in hopes to intercept some vessels engaged between Hallifax and New York. That while they were on that station they fell in with a fleet of thirty nine sail of British vessels convoyed by a fifty gun ship which gave chase to them and in order to escape they were compelled to throw overboard all their guns but two by which means they succeded in escaping and returned to New London, from which place the applicant returned home to Norwich aforesaid.”30 A conservative estimate would put Young Cromwell back from her cruise about December 1779.
An advertisement for the distribution of prize money appeared on 5 January 1780. The proceeds of the brigantine Nancy, brigantine Walpole, brigantine Endeavour, sloop Peggy, and sloop Fly were to be paid to the crew.31 Wattles seems to have resumed command of the Young Cromwell at this time.
Young Cromwell seems to have gone on a voyage to Saint Domingue, French West Indies during the following winter. She arrived in Warren, Rhode Island, perhaps in mid March 1780. Wattles reported he sailed from Saint Domingue and fell in with a French merchant convoy of seventeen sail. He mistook these for a fleet of Spanish and French warships bound for South Carolina or Georgia, although he sailed with them for five days. He parted from the fleet and arrived at Warren ten days later.32
Young Cromwell was at sea in April 1780, sailing with Connecticut Privateer Schooner Bunker Hill (Commander Sanford Thompson). On 7 April Bunker Hill and Young Cromwell fell in with the British Privateer Sloop Dolphin (David Hunter), ten guns and a crew of twenty-one men. Dolphin was en route from St. Kitts, British West Indies with a cargo of rum. A hot fight followed, during which Thompson was wounded. Lieutenant Smith took charge of the Bunker Hill and captured the Dolphin. Bunker Hill had Lieutenant Samuel Stow and another man killed and Thompson and three men wounded. Young Cromwell had three men wounded in the fight. 33 The two privateers arrived at New London on 12 April.34 Dolphin was advertised for sale on 21 April, with the auction to take place on 6 May 1780. She was listed as 90 tons and armed with ten 4-pounders. She was libeled on 21 April, with her trial set for 4 May.35
On 5 May Wattles sent into port36 the 40-ton sloop Sally,37 with a cargo of lumber. She was taken off Sandy Hook as she was trying to get into New York. Sally was a re-capture, having been taken in Delaware Bay by a small privateer from New York, along with some other coasting vessels.38 Sally was advertised for sale on 16 June 1780, with the sale set for 19 June.39
Nearly two weeks later, on 17 May, the 400-ton ship Jenny (William Hamilton40 [Hambleton]) arrived in New London, escorted in by the Young Cromwell, Connecticut Privateer Schooner Hawk (Commander Gideon Olmstead) and Connecticut Privateer Sloop Sally (Commander Seth Warner). She was from Whiby, England bound for New York, with a cargo of coal, cordage and duck.41 She was quickly advertised for sale, with the auction to be held on 15 June 1780. Six 4-pounders and nine 6-pounders, presumably her battery, were to be sold at the same time.42 Jenny was libeled on 26 May, with her trial set for 14 June 1780.43
Young Cromwell began preparing for sea again. The British newspapers in New York reported that Young Cromwell was fitting out in New London on 22 May 1780. She was reported as being armed with twelve guns.44 On 4 August 1780 an advertisement appeared in the newspaper notifying the crew to report aboard. Young Cromwell was now ready to sail.45
Young Cromwell sailed with or met the Connecticut Privateer Sloop Hamlin (Commander David Brooks). On 19 August, an unknown privateer brig joined these two in an attack on a schooner packet bound from New York to England with several passengers aboard. The schooner was armed with ten 4-pounders. She was driven ashore near Huntingdon. All the crew and passengers got ashore except two. The schooner was immediately retrieved and sent into the Connecticut River.46 The schooner had tried to get out by the main entrance to New York Harbor several times, but had been chased back in by American cruisers. This led the British skipper to try going by way of Long Island Sound.47
Young Cromwell continued to cruise, unsuccessfully, until mid-September 1780. She encountered a British frigate, which chased her into Norwich, Connecticut on 14 September.48
After refitting, Young Cromwell sailed from Norwich on a cruise in October 1780. After being gone for a long time people began to suspect she had been lost. Then on 23 January 1781, a report arrived in Connecticut that she was safe and had put into New Bern, North Carolina. She had brought in a prize with a cargo of wine and cloth.49
Around the first of February 1781 another prize of the Young Cromwell’s arrived at Newport. She had a cargo of salt and dry goods.50 This was probably the Bermudian-built 100-ton brigantine Rochester, “well found, and a fast sailer.” She was advertised for sale at Providence, Rhode Island on 14 February, with the auction to be held on 27 February.51
Young Cromwell returned from this cruise, arriving in Norwich, on 14 March 1781. She was said to have taken several prizes, all of which had safely arrived in port.52 Following this cruise Wattles left the Young Cromwell for another command.
A new commander was soon chosen, Jonathan Buddington, of Groton, Connecticut.53 A recruiting advertisement, dated 27 March, appeared in the New London paper on 30 March, requesting Young Cromwell’s crew to report aboard. She was then laying at Norwich and was to sail in a few days. Young Cromwell was said to be armed with twelve guns.54
Young Cromwell was at sea in early April 1781.On 14 April55 a brig with a cargo of wine and lemons arrived at Newport, Rhode Island,56 bound from Madeira to New York,57 taken by the Young Cromwell.58 On 18 April 1781 Young Cromwell made a sortie from Norwich over to Long Island. She captured a “gun boat of the enemy’s, which has been for some time hovering about our harbours and retook two sloops belonging to New London,” all of which arrived in New London on the morning of 19 April. The Young Cromwell was in chase of a schooner belonging to Norwich when the prizes parted from her.59
Later in April Buddington re-captured60 the 115-ton61 brig Salem (James Searing), with a cargo of fish and lumber. She was sent into New London,62 arriving on 1 May 1781,63 and was tried there.64 Salem was formerly of Salem, Massachusetts, and was escorted into port by the Young Cromwell. She was advertised for sale on 4 May, with the sale to be held on 16 May. Salem was pierced for fourteen guns.65 She was libeled on 1 June 1781, with her trial set for 13 June.66
Buddington was quickly back at sea. On 13 May he was off Sandy Hook. A large fleet was sighted there, some at anchor and some under sail.67 About the same time Young Cromwell captured,68 with the assistance of the privateer Kingbird, the 40-ton69 sloop Tabitha, in ballast, in Jones Inlet on the south side of Long Island.70 She was sent into New London, arriving on 15 May.71 Tabitha was advertised for sale on 25 May, with the auction to be held on 28 May.72
Around mid-May 1781 Young Cromwell was sailing with an American privateer, probably from Massachusetts. They fell in with a small schooner named the Dispatch, bound from Halifax to New York, with dispatches in the care of Lieutenant Douglas of the Royal Navy. Douglas commanded HM Schooner Observer, based at Halifax, Nova Scotia. The little schooner was captured by the two privateers and sent into Bedford, Massachusetts, but most of the mail was destroyed. Douglas was taken aboard the Young Cromwell and brought into New London by Buddington. The Young Cromwell arrived from her short cruise on 16 May.73
Buddington now left the Young Cromwell and Benjamin Hilliard resumed her command. A recruiting advertisement for sailors appeared in the New London paper on 24 May, listing Hilliard as the commander. Young Cromwell was ready to sail and the crew was directed to report aboard.74 First Lieutenant John Cook of New London seems to have been aboard. The new commission for Young Cromwell may have been issued on 5 June 1781.75 On 11 June 1781 Young Cromwell returned to New London from this short cruise.76
About 20 June Connecticut Privateer Sloop Randolph (Commander Augustus Peck) sailed, steering for the waters off Sandy Hook.77 Randolph soon met the Young Cromwell. The pair captured the brigantine Society. The prize had been bound from Philadelphia to the West Indies with a cargo of flour and lumber. Society was captured by the British Privateer General Arnold, and ordered in to New York. She was then captured by the Randolph and Young Cromwell.. Peck brought the prize into port on 24 June.78 Society was libeled on 27 June 1781, with her trial set for 29 June, being noted as a capture and a re-capture.79 She was advertised for sale on 6 July, being listed as 150 tons, with the sale to be held on July 13 at Norwich Landing.80
On 25 June 1781 Hilliard brought the new brig Neptune into port. She had been captured by the British ship Assurance. Neptune was bound from the Piscataqua River to Martinique with a cargo of fish and lumber aboard. Assurance’s prize crew of a midshipman and nine men were kept as prisoners.81 Neptune was advertised for sale on 6 July 1781, with the auction to be held on13 July. She was stated to have been built in New Hampshire as a privateer, and to be capable of mounting fourteen guns.82
Again at sea in early July 1781, Young Cromwell recaptured a brig from Salem, Massachusetts. A prize crew was put aboard and she was ordered into New London. The prize met a British frigate near Long Island. The prize crew took to the boats and got safely ashore, but the prize was recaptured. Young Cromwell returned to port on 8 July.83
Young Cromwell was re-commissioned on 16 July 1781, being listed with ten guns and with a crew of forty-five men, under Commander William Reed, of Norwich. Her new bond for $20,000 was executed by Reed, William Coit, Jr., of Norwich, and John Alden of Lebanon, Connecticut.84 Reed was described as age 43, a middling set man with dark hair tinged with grey, light complexion, six feet four inches tall.85 First Lieutenant John Cook was described as age 28, five foot seven inches tall, well set, with black eyes, long hair and his face pitted with smallpox.86
Young Cromwell returned from a short cruise on 30 July 1781, bringing in the British Privateer Schooner Surprize (David Ross). Surprize was armed with eight 4-pounders and one 12-pounder mounted in the bow, and had a crew of forty-five men. She was captured two days after she sailed from Sandy Hook.87 Surprize was libeled on 24 August 1781, with her trial set for 30 August. She was advertised for sale the same day, with the auction set for 28 August. Surprize was said to measure 70 tons and to be a “remarkable fast Sailer.”88
On 11 August 1781,a sloop in ballast arrived at New London, captured by the Young Cromwell in Long Island Sound and sent into port.89 The next day90 the 60-ton 91 British schooner92 Hazzard (David Galbreath)93 arrived in New London. She was bound from the Penobscot River, Massachusetts [Maine] to New York,94 with a cargo of lumber.95 Hazzard had been captured by the Young Cromwell, Connecticut Privateer Sloop Randolph (Commander Augustus Peck) and Connecticut Privateer Sloop Active (Commander Charles Bulkley).96 Hazzard was advertised for sale on 24 August, with the auction to be held on 28 August.97 She was libeled on 31 August 1781, with her trial set for the same day.98
HM Sloop Swallow was a brig rigged sloop-of-war, purchased in Dover in 1779. She measured 79'5" length on the deck, 60'2" length on the keel, 26'7" beam, 10'2" depth in the hold, and measured 226 54/94 tons. Swallow was armed with fourteen 4-pounders to which four 18-pounder carronades were later added. In August of 1781 her crew of eighty men was commanded by Commander Thomas Wells.99 About mid-July 1781 Swallow was sent from Antigua to New York, New York with dispatches.
On 15 August 1781100 Swallow was nearing the entrance to New York Harbor, being about thirty-six miles from Sandy Hook, New Jersey. She had with her the brig Venus, a prize recaptured during her voyage. Some of Wells’s crew would have been aboard the Venus, perhaps ten or so, as her prize crew. Four American privateers appeared from the haze and began chasing Swallow. These got between Swallow and the land, cutting her off from the shore.101 Wells ran north, not liking the odds of four to one too much.
The American privateers were the Connecticut Privateer Schooner Young Cromwell (Commander William Reed), armed with ten 4-pounders and with a crew of forty-five men, Randolph, armed with sixteen 4-pounders and a crew of ninety men, Connecticut Privateer Brig Hancock (Commander Peter Richards), with sixteen 6-pounders guns and ninety men, and Connecticut Privateer Brig Sampson (Commander David Brooks), eighteen 6-pounders and 100 men.102 The Americans had been cruising about the waters off the entrance to New York for some time, interrupting British trade and taking prizes. Sampson had had a previous fight with Swallow. The action that resulted was more of a long range chase.
As Wells ran north he passed by New York. The shore of Long Island lay ahead, which was “friendly” territory for the British. At the entrance to the Great South Bay, at the end of Fire Island, Wells ran the Swallow ashore. Venus also went ashore. Both were under continual fire from the four privateers. The vessels were evacuated and the British escaped ashore. Although the Americans tried to get the two brigs afloat they could not. Both were burned by the Americans103 on 16 August.104
Young Cromwell, on 3 September 1781, was about nine miles south of Southampton, Long Island. At 0500 Young Cromwell was standing to windward with the wind at southwest, when she sighted two sail to the southeast, about fifteen miles distant. Young Cromwell put about in chase. At 0530 two more sail were seen to the east northeast, about twenty-seven miles distant. At 0730 she caught the first prize, the 200-ton ship Achilles. Cook was sent aboard as prize master and soon made sail after the Young Cromwell. At 0815 the second ship surrendered. This prize was the 100-ton ship Williamson. The other two sail were now close to the land about six to nine miles away. Young Cromwell and her prizes bore away and the two strangers chased, coming up in about two hours.105 These proved to be the Connecticut Privateer Sloop Randolph (Commander Augustus Peck) and Rhode Island Privateer Sloop Success (Commander John Burroughs Hopkins). These helped secure the prizes by furnishing prize masters and men.106
The Achilles and the Williamson were both Navy transports. British Transport Ship Achilles (David Stanhouse), bound from Deptford, England with a cargo of provisions for the Royal Navy. She sailed from Portsmouth, England bound for St. Kitts on 27 November 1780, and sailed from St. Kitts for New York on 1 August 1781. Stanhouse was at 40°30'N, 74°W when he was captured. Achilles was owned by Walter Cope and William Bignal & Co. Of London, England. Achilles was sent into New London, arriving on 4 September. British Transport Ship Williamson (Christopher Reed),107 owned by John Buntin and Boyn of Hull, England, was a Navy Victualler. She had loaded with provisions at Deptford and sailed from Portsmouth on 12 March 1781, for St. Kitts. She sailed from St. Kitts for New York on 1 August 1781. Reed was removed to the Young Cromwell when she was captured.108 Both prizes were sent into New London.109 Both were libeled on 9 November with trial set for 27 November 1781.110 Achilles was advertised for sale on 28 September 1781, with the sale to take place on 4 October 1781. She was listed as “British built,” and 350 tons.111 Her sale did not go off, and she was re-advertised on 12 October, being listed as 270 tons, with the sale to be held on 18 October.112 Williamson, listed as 300 tons, was advertised on 28 September and sold on 4 October, along with some 4-pounder guns.113
On 13 October 1781, Young Cromwell and Sampson were near Fire Island Inlet, on the south side of Long Island. She fell in with the brig or brigantine Peggy (Peter Jenkins), bound from Quebec, Quebec to New York with a cargo of lumber. The prize was owned by Alexander Brimer of Halifax. She had sailed from Quebec on 12 September 1781. Lieutenant Henry Wattles of the Young Cromwell went aboard as prize master. By consent of Reed, Jenkins was allowed to stay aboard. She was sent into New London, arriving 18 October, where she was condemned.114 Peggy was advertised for sale on 26 October 1781, with the auction to be held on 30 October. She was said to be 140 tons. Her cargo of lumber was sold at the same time.115 She was libeled on 16 November 1781, with her trial set for 27 November.116
A few days later, on 27 October, Young Cromwell fell in with the 75117 or 80-ton118 British Privateer Schooner Betsey (John Robinson)119 near the lighthouse at Sandy Hook. Betsey was armed with six guns and had a crew of sixteen men. She was en route from Halifax120 with a cargo of fish, fish oil, essence of spruce,121 and bound for New York. Betsey was captured and brought into New London on 1 November 1781.122 Betsey was advertised for sale on 16 November, with the sale to take place on 29 November. She was noted to be “Virginia built.”123
Following this cruise Reed left the Young Cromwell. Young Cromwell's new, and last, commander was the same John Cook who had served as First Lieutenant under Reed. He was commissioned on 6 November 1781. The schooner's battery was increased to twelve guns, but the crew remained at forty-five men. She was bonded for $20,000 by Cook and by Seth Harding and Elisha Coit, all of New London.124
Cook soon had the Young Cromwell at sea. She had the misfortune to fall in with HM Frigate Amphion (Captain John Bazely) on 23 November 1781 and was captured.125 The prize was sent in to New York and had arrived there before 30 November. The local papers gloated on the capture: Young Cromwell was “one of the New-London reptiles” which had been “very mischievous in enterprizes against the British trade.”126 The news of her capture was reported in Norwich on 12 December.127
The crew of the Young Cromwell was sent to the prison ships. Seventeen died of a violent fever;128 their names were listed in the New London paper on 3 May 1782.129 Cook escaped by lowering himself into the water and swimming ashore during the night. He returned to New London on 11 May 1782. Cook sailed for Demerara as master of the Connecticut Privateer Schooner Turn of Times, but was captured again and sent to Bermuda.130
1 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 246
2 NRAR, 494; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 246
3 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 246
4 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, July 1, 1779. Young Cromwell is referred to as the Little Cromwell here. See also The Connecticut Courant [Hartford], Tuesday, July 6, 1779.
5 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, July 26, 1779
6 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, July 1, 1779. Young Cromwell is referred to as the Little Cromwell here. See also The Connecticut Courant [Hartford], Tuesday, July 6, 1779.
7 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, July 26, 1779
8 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 246
9 The American Journal And General Advertiser [Providence], Thursday, September 16, 1779
10 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 246
11 The American Journal And General Advertiser [Providence], Thursday, September 16, 1779
12 The Independent Ledger, and the American Advertiser [Boston], September 27, 1779
13 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 246; The American Journal And General Advertiser [Providence], Thursday, September 16, 1779
14 The American Journal And General Advertiser [Providence], Thursday, September 16, 1779
15 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 246
16 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Tuesday, September 14, 1779
17 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 246
18 The American Journal And General Advertiser [Providence], Thursday, September 16, 1779
19 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, September 15, 1779
20 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, October 13, 1779
21 The Independent Ledger, and the American Advertiser [Boston], September 27, 1779
22 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, September 22, 1779
23 The Providence Gazette; And Country Journal, Saturday, October 2, 1779, datelined Boston, September 30, 1779
24 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, September 22, 1779
25 The Providence Gazette; And Country Journal, Saturday, October 2, 1779, datelined Boston, September 30, 1779
26 The Providence Gazette; And Country Journal, Saturday, October 2, 1779, datelined Boston, September 30, 1779
27 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, September 22, 1779
28 The bond is listed in the Tenpound catalogue. http://www.tenpound.com/173/41.html. Accessed 7/28/2009. Hilliard appears as “Willard” in the extracts.
29 Averill is off by one year, October 1779 is correct.
30 Pension Application of Ebenezer Averill, transcribed at http://www.genealogytrails.com/ny/steuben/revpension_averill_ebenezer.htm.
31 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, January 5, 1780
32 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 12, 1780
33 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 63, 246-247; The Independent Ledger, and the American Advertiser [Boston], April 24, 1780, datelined New London, April 14
34 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 14, 1780
35 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 21, 1780
36 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 12, 1780
37 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 16, 1780
38 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 12, 1780
39 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 16, 1780
40 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 26, 1780
41 The Providence Gazette; And Country Journal, Saturday, May 27, 1780, datelined New London, May 19
42 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 2, 1780
43 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 26, 1780
44 The New-York Gazette; and The Weekly Mercury, May 22, 1780
45 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 4, 1780
46 The Independent Ledger, and the American Advertiser [Boston], Monday, September 4, 1780
47 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 25, 1780
48 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 15, 1780
49 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Tuesday, January 23, 1781
50 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Tuesday, February 6, 1781
51 The American Journal And General Advertiser [Providence], Wednesday, February 14, 1781
52 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Thursday, March 15, 1781
53 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 247
54 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, March 30, 1781
55 The American Journal And General Advertiser, Wednesday, April 18, 1781
56 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Thursday, April 19, 1781
57 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 20, 1781
58 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Thursday, April 19, 1781
59 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Thursday, April 19, 1781
60 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 247
61 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 4, 1781
62 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 247
63 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Friday, May 4, 1781
64 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 247
65 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 4, 1781
66 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 1, 1781
67 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 18, 1781
68 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 247
69 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 25, 1781
70 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 247
71 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 18, 1781
72 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 25, 1781
73 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 18, 1781
74 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 25, 1781
75 Claghorn, Naval Officers of the American Revolution, 71
76 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 15, 1781
77 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 29, 1781
78 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 29, 1781
79 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Thursday, June 28, 1781
80 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, July 6, 1781
81 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 29, 1781
82 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, July 6, 1781
83 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, July 13, 1781
84 NRAR, 495; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 246
85 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 249
86 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 249
87 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 3, 1781
88 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 24, 1781
89 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 17, 1781
90 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 17, 1781
91 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 24, 1781
92 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 17, 1781
93 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 31, 1781
94 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 17, 1781
95 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 247
96 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 17, 1781
97 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 24, 1781
98 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 31, 1781
99 Mr. Brooks’s e-mail 6/2/2009
100 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, September 4, 1781, datelined New London, August 24, 1781
101 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, August 28, 1781, datelined New York, August 22
102 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, September 4, 1781, datelined New London, August 24, 1781
103 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, September 4, 1781, datelined New London, August 24, 1781
104 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, August 28, 1781, datelined New York, August 22
105 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 249, 250
106 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 250, 251
107 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 249
108 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 249
109 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 249
110 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, November 9, 1781
111 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 28, 1781
112 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, October 12, 1781
113 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 28, 1781
114 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 248; The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, October 19, 1781
115 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, October 26, 1781
116 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, November 16, 1781
117 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 248
118 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, November 16, 1781
119 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 248
120 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 249
121 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, November 16, 1781
122 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, November 9, 1781
123 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, November 16, 1781
124 NRAR, 495; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 246
125 “List of Prizes taken by His Majesty’s Ships employed in North America, from November 11, 1781, to March 23, 1782” [Digby’s Prize List], in The London Gazette, Tuesday, April 23, to Saturday, April 27, 1782
126 The New-York Gazette; and The Weekly Mercury, Monday, December 3, 1781, datelined 30 November
127 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Wednesday, December 12, 1781
128 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 248
129 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 3, 1782
130 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 248
| Revised 4 August 2009 |
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