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Massachusetts Privateer Ship Thorn |
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| Thorn | (1) Commander Daniel Waters |
| Sloop-of-War | 11 November 1779- |
| Massachusetts Privateer Ship | (2) Commander Richard Cowell
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| Commissioned/First Date: | 11 November 1779 |
| Out of Service/Cause: | 19 August 1782/captured by HM Frigate Arethusa |
| Owners: | (1) Isaiah Doane of Boston, Massachusetts; (2) Nathaniel Tracy of Newburyport, Massachusetts; (3) John Tracy et al of Newburyport, Massachusetts |
| Tonnage: | 305 |
| Battery: | Date Reported: 11 November 1779 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 16/6-pounder 96 pounds 48 pounds Total: 16 cannon/96 pounds Broadside: 8 cannon/48 pounds Date Reported: 18 March 1780 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 18/6-pounder 108 pounds 54 pounds Total: 18 cannon/108 pounds Broadside: 9 cannon/54 pounds Swivels: Date Reported: 9 April 1780 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 18/6-pounder 108 pounds 54 pounds Total: 18 cannon/108 pounds Broadside: 9 cannon/54 pounds Swivels: Date Reported: 11 January 1781 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 18/ Total: 18 cannon/ Broadside: 9 cannon/ Swivels: |
| Crew: | (1) 5 April 1780: 121 [total]
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| Description: | Thorn was the former HM Sloop Thorn, (a Swan class vessel) built at Mistleythorn, and launched 17 February 1779. She was 96'7"x79'3"x26'11"x12'10", and measured slightly over 305 tons. HM Sloop Thorn was coppered and pierced for eighteen guns, but mounted only fourteen 6-pounders. |
| Officers: |
| Cruises: |
| Prizes: | (1) British Privateer Brigantine Governor Tryon (George Sibbles), 25 December 1779
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| Actions: | (1) Action with Governor Tryon and Sir William Erskine, 25 December 1779
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Comments:
Massachusetts Privateer Ship Thorn was commissioned on 11 November 1779 under Commander Daniel Waters of Boston, Massachusetts. Her £2000 Massachusetts bond was signed by Waters and by Isaiah Doane of Boston.1 She was armed with eighteen 6-pounders.2 Thorn was the former HM Sloop Thorn, captured in September 1779.3
Thorn sailed on a patrol in December 1779. On Christmas Eve Thorn was sailing along under light winds, on a clear and pleasant day. At 1000 two sail were sighted to windward, bearing NNW from the Thorn. Waters lay to, waiting. The two strangers were soon made out to be armed brigantines. By 1600 they were about four miles away, on Thorn’s weather quarter. Waters made sail and steered away from them, to draw down the presumptive enemy down within range. By 1900 the ship had been cleared for action and all was ready, “the men at their quarters, and in high spirits for engaging.” Night had fallen and the weather remained calm all night.4
Meanwhile the enemy, for such they were, prepared for action too. The two brigantines were the New York Privateer Brigs Governor Tryon (George Sibbles5 [Stebbins])6 sixteen guns, twelves, sixes, and fours, with a crew of eighty-six men;7 and the 100-ton8 Sir William Erskine9 (Alexander Hambleton10 [Hamilton])11 eighteen guns, 6-pounders and 4-pounders, with a crew of eighty-five men.12
On Christmas morning 1779, at 0600, the brigs were seen on Thorn’s port beam, two miles off. They were seen preparing to engage. The wind was light, from the west. At 0900 the wind came up from the southwest and Thorn steered down toward the British. At 1000 Thorn closed with the aftermost British brig, “as she was the heaviest,” the Governor Tryon. The Britisher hailed, stating he was from White Hall, and demanded of Waters “what right he had to wear the 13 stars in his pendant.” Waters answered “I’ll let you know presently.” The ensign was shifted and Thorn fired a full broadside within pistol shot range. Governor Tryon returned the broadside, as did the Sir William Erskine, now on Thorn’s weather bow. Governor Tryon dropped back to Thorn’s weather quarter. A hot fire began which lasted about an hour (two glasses). About thirty minutes or an hour into the fight Waters was wounded in the knee. After about an hour, the Governor Tryon laid the Thorn on board on Thorn’s weather quarter, while Sir William Erskine continued to fire on her weather bow. Governor Tryon’s crew was quickly defeated in their attempts to board, “receiving such a warm and well directed fire from our marines” and her boarders “running about deck with pikes in their backs instead of their hands” that they broke away. After falling back, Governor Tryon, shot up alongside Thorn and renewed the action “with surprising spirit. . .” After two or three broadsides from the Thorn, Governor Tryon struck her colors, blood running out of her scuppers.13 Sibbles was killed before she surrendered.14 Sir William Erskine, seeing her consort had surrendered, made sail and tried to run for it. It was now about two hours (four glasses) since the action had begun.15
Waters ordered the captured brig to follow and began to chase Sir William Erskine. At 1500 Thorn came up with the fleeing brig, after hitting her several times with bow chasers. The Sir William Erskine immediately surrendered. Meanwhile the Governor Tryon was now trying to make off. The wind had freshened and the sky was clouding up. Waters sent his first lieutenant aboard the Sir William Erskine, and, after the officers were sent to the Thorn, Waters made sail after the Governor Tryon. At 2000 the Thorn hove to, losing sight of the chase, and the Britisher made off in the haze.16
During the night the weather turned squally and boisterous. The next morning the Governor Tryon was nowhere to be seen. A cursory search revealed much floating debris on the sea, including oars and spars and it was assumed by the Americans that the brig had gone down. The fight had been most difficult. Thorn had eighteen men killed or wounded out of a crew of perhaps 120 men (15%). Sir William Erskine had twenty killed and wounded (23%).17 Casualties aboard the Governor Tryon were probably somewhat more than the captured brig.
On 2 January 1780, the Thorn ran down and stopped a brig from New York, limping along under a jury main mast. The prize was loaded with the prisoners from the Governor Tryon and then released.18
While taking the prize in, on 13 January 1780,19 Thorn met the 250-ton British privateer ship Sparling20 (Jonathan Jackson), eighteen 6-pounders and seventy-five men. She was bound from Liverpool, England to New York with coal and provisions. After a forty21 or fifty minute action the Sparling surrendered. The Americans lost one killed and two wounded, the British three killed and ten wounded (including Jackson and two lieutenants).22 Thorn arrived in Nantasket Roads with both prizes on 17 February 1780.23 Sir William Erskine was libeled on 30 March 1780, in the Massachusetts Maritime Court of the Middle District, with her trial set for 20 April 1780.24 Both Sparling and Sir William Erskine were advertised for sale, to be held on 30 March, at Marblehead, on 23 March.25
Thorn was re-commissioned on 5 April 1780 under Commander Richard Cowell of Newburyport, Massachusetts. She was listed as being armed with eighteen guns and a crew of 120 men. Her $5000 Continental and £4000 Massachusetts bonds were signed by Cowell and Joshua Orne, Jr. and Samuel Parkman, both of Newburyport. Nathaniel Tracy of Newburyport was listed as her owner.26
Cowell captured at least two prizes in the Thorn. He libeled the 120-ton brigantine Dragon (John Wood) on 13 July 1780 in the Massachusetts Maritime Court of the Middle District. Dragon’s trial set for 27 July 1780.27 On 7 December 1780 he libeled the 140-ton ship Aurora (Peter Gordon) in the same court. Her trial was to be held on 2 January 1781.28
Thorn was again commissioned on 11 January 1781, under Commander Samuel Tucker of Marblehead, a former Continental Navy Captain. She was listed as having a battery of eighteen guns and a crew of 120 men. Thorn's $20,000 bond was executed by Tucker, Tracy, and William Tudor of Boston.29 Her owners were noted as John Tracy and others of Newburyport.30 Tucker was among the shareholders.31 About the same time Tucker applied for a six month leave of absence from the Continental Navy. Although at first refused, the Navy Board of the Eastern District granted the leave on 20 January, renewing about the end of May 1781. The owners gave Tucker his sailing orders, recommending an area south and east of the Grand Banks.32
About early March 1781 Thorn sighted a ship which was clearly armed and not running from the privateer. Tucker called his men on deck, and harangued them, pointing out the ship: “She means to fight us and if we go alongside like men she is ours in thirty minutes; but if we can’t go as men, we have no business here!” He then invited cowards to stand at the port gangway. It is hardly surprising to learn that all the men rushed to the starboard.33
The ships closed and both captains hailed.34 The British vessel was the 200-ton ship Lord Hyde (William Lake),35 eighteen guns,36 a packet, bound from Jamaica to London.37 Lord Hyde had a coppered bottom.38 Other sources indicate she was armed with twenty guns, eighteen of which were 4-pounders.39 Both skippers threatened to sink the other and maneuvered for position. When Thorn swung toward Lord Hyde, the British fired off a harmless broadside. Thorn replied with cannon and musketry, sweeping the enemy deck.40 Lord Hyde engaged the Thorn for two glasses (an hour).41 Finally, the British called for “Quarter. For God’s sake! Our ship is sinking! Our men are dying of their wounds!” Since the British flag was still flying, Tucker answered “How can you expect quarter while that British flag is flying?” The British called out that their halliards were shot away. Tucker answered, and to the point: “Then cut away your ensign staff or ye’ll all be dead men!” The flag came down.42 The British had four killed and fourteen men wounded; the Thorn none. On 23 March 1781 this prize to the Thorn arrived at Salem.43 She was advertised for sale on 29 March, with the sale to be held at Newburyport on 5 April 1781.44
Thorn arrived at Newburyport on 8 April 1781. She had taken a second prize, a ship bound from Liverpool, England to Charleston, South Carolina with a cargo of dry goods, brandy and wine. She mounted sixteen 6-pounders,45 and was coppered.46 This was the 150-ton ship Basil (Robert Leake).47 Basil was libeled in the Middle District on 27 December 1781, with her trial set for 8 January 1782.48
Tucker went down to Boston and conferred with the Navy Board of the Eastern District about a command in the Navy. When it was clear that there could be no further command there he rejoined the Thorn, near the end of May. This was about the time that his leave of absence was renewed. Thorn sailed soon after, about 27 May, on a very short patrol.49
The first prize captured50 was the 210-ton snow Fly (William Foster),51 bound from Antigua, British West Indies to Quebec, Quebec with a cargo of molasses and rum. From Foster, Tucker learned that the prize had recently separated from a convoy escorted52 by a 200-ton ship named Elizabeth (Timothy Pine)53 and two smaller vessels.54 The Fly seems to be the vessel variously described as a large Dutch ship of twenty-four guns and 140 men with a cargo of coffee and cotton, which had been captured at St. Eustatius by the British,55 or as a 14-gun privateer brig bound from Antigua to Quebec with rum and molasses.56 This brig had re-captured a snow with a cargo of sugar, previously captured by Continental Navy Ship Alliance (Captain John Barry).57 This re-capture is also described as a ship bound from Jamaica to Europe, with a cargo of rum and sugar.58
Tucker now looked for and found the convoy, then hoisted English colors and ran in between two of the escorts. He hailed the largest and asked if she was the Elizabeth bound for Halifax, and received an affirmative answer. Tucker then announced he was the sloop-of-war Thorn, recently recaptured from the Americans. The conversation progressed, as did Thorn, edging ever closer to Elizabeth. Finally, Pine protested “You keep too close to me!” Tucker turned, cursed at his helmsman and ordered him to keep off. This was the signal to run aboard the Elizabeth, and raise American colors. As boarders went over the Elizabeth’s rail both ships fired simultaneously. Tucker broke his sword over Pine’s head. A hot scrimmage followed on Elizabeth’s deck, before the British crew were driven below. Thorn’s first lieutenant and five sailors were killed, as were five British sailors. The other escort came up, looked, and fled. Tucker cut out59 the 100-ton sloop Maria (Jonathan Armstrong)60 from the convoy. The sloop was bound from St. Eustatius to Halifax, 61 and was sent into port by the Thorn, arriving before 7 June.62 She was sent into Newburyport.63 Maria, Fly and Elizabeth were advertised for sale on 14 June, with the auction to be held at Newburyport on 21 June. Six 4-pounders were to be sold at the same time.64
On 6 June 1781, the Thorn returned to Salem from her ten day patrol, to land prisoners.65
Thorn apparently sailed again from Marblehead on 21 June. Several days after sailing Thorn fell in with the Massachusetts Privateer Ship Porus (Commander John Carnes). The two agreed to sail together and steered for the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. On 6 July 1781 the were cruising in the Cabot Strait, between Cape North, Newfoundland and the seaway into the Bras d’Or Lakes of Cape Breton. Early the next day the pair was sighted and chased by the by 24-gun HM Frigate Hind (Captain Sir William Young). Viewing the pursuer through the haze, The Americans thought she was a much larger ship. They hove to and conferred and then Porus made off to the north, and Thorn to the south. Interestingly, the two American privateers, had they stayed together, would have outgunned the Hind. Within an hour Hind ran Thorn down and captured her without firing a shot.66 Part of Thorn’s crew, including Tucker and the ship’s surgeon, Dr. William Ramsey, and the two lieutenants, were removed to the Hind.67
For the next few days Hind and Thorn sailed in company. On 11 July two large ships were seen to the south, steering for Hind and Thorn.68 These were two French frigates sailing out of Newport, the L’Hermione (Capitaine de vaisseau Louis-René Le Vassor, Comte de La Touche-Tréville) and L’Astreè (Lieutenant de vaisseau Jean François de Galaup, Comte de La Pérouse).69 Hind and Thorn split up and Thorn was dispatched to Halifax under a prize master named Cox.70 Hind’s wind died away and Young sent his cutter out to tow the frigate. Later a southwest breeze sprang up. By sunset the French colors on both vessels could be seen. As night was falling Thorn was captured by the lead ship. The smaller ship continued after Hind, which kept close to the lee shore and ran to St. George’s Bay, Newfoundland. The French frigate give over the chase.71 Thorn was sent off to Boston and arrived there safely on 6 August.72 The two French frigates arrived on 17 August.73 The French captains libeled the Thorn on 20 September 1781, and trial was set for 2 October 1781.74 She was auctioned on 15 August, and was purchased by her original owners and immediately returned to privateering.75
Tucker and Ramsey and the other officers and men removed by the Hind were carried to St. Johns’ Island (now Prince Edward Island), arriving on 26 July 1781.76 Here they were well treated by Governor Patterson and Captain Young, receiving “every mark of humanity and politeness.”77 Tucker and Ramsay and the officers and servants received permission to go to Halifax, provided Tucker gave his word not to escape. The Americans hired a small schooner and went aboard her on 27 July. As the Americans entered the Gut of Canso their schooner became leaky, uncomfortable, and unseaworthy. She was changed at Chedabucto Bay for another. As the prisoners approached Halifax the officers and servants became mutinous, wishing to continue on to Massachusetts. Although Tucker and Dr. Ramsey argued with them the crew prevailed.78 The Americans arrived at Boston on 21 August 1781.79 Because of the good treatment he had received at St. Johns’ Island and thinking that his honor was highly injured, Tucker wrote to Sir Andrew Snape Hamond, the Lieutenant Governor at Halifax, apologized for escaping, and asked to be put on parole, which was done.80
Richard Cowell, who had recently arrived in Boston from France in the ship Marquis, resumed command of the Thorn. Under Cowell, Thorn sailed, perhaps about the end of September 1781. Cowell had a successful cruise. The 10081 or 150-ton brigantine Ranger82 (Joseph Waldon),83 the 80-ton brigantine Little James84 (James Morison),85 and the Bermudian sloop Friendship were captured. On 20 December 1781 the three prizes were advertised for sale on 27 December. Friendship was described as a “prime sailer.”86 On 17 January 1782 Cowell libeled the Little James and the Ranger in the Massachusetts Maritime Court of the Middle District. Trial was set for 12 February 1782,87 well after the sale date.
On 21 October 1781, Thorn fell in with the large ship St. David, a letter-of-marque which was the former American privateer Jason, commanded by John Manley. St. David had already had a most interesting voyage. St. David had sailed from Jamaica. During her passage she met the ship Chambreux (Perry), which foundered at sea the same day. Chambreux had a number of invalids returning home from Jamaica. Although St. David saved many people, twenty-three were lost. On 18 October 1781 St. David fell in with the storeship Lord Howe, which went down as her crew watched. No one answered St. David’s hails, and it was surmised the Lord Howe’s crew had abandoned ship. Three days later the St. David fell in with the Thorn.88
St. David put up an “obstinate resistance to the Thorn and had several men killed before she surrendered. The Americans noted she was bound from Jamaica to London, with a cargo of sugar and rum, and had some invalids aboard.89 Although there were false reports that the prize had gotten into port, she was recaptured by the Sir Andrew Hammond and sent off to Halifax, where she arrived on 16 November 1781.90 By 3 January 1782 the Americans knew she had been re-captured although the details were incorrect.91
Thorn arrived back in port before 19 November 1781.92
Thorn was again at sea in August 1782. Thorn ran afoul of a small British troop convoy, lifting 2000 troops to Nova Scotia. The convoy, escorted by HMS Renown and HM Frigate Arethusa (Captain Sir Richard Pearson), had sailed from England on 22 June 1782.93 Arethusa began chasing Thorn on 19 August. After a chase of twenty-three hours she overhauled and captured the copper-bottomed ship at 56°N, 47°7'W. The crew was removed to the Arethusa, where they were well-treated by Pearson. Cowell later testified that “The commander, with the officers, look upon themselves under the greatest obligation to Sir Richard Pearson and his officers for the kind, humane, and public treatment received from them during their stay on board the frigate and for Sir Richard’s particular attention in effecting their paroles.” Thorn was taken into Halifax where the officers were quickly paroled.94
The news of Thorn’s capture soon arrived in Boston. The first reports, dated to 5 September, simply noted she was captured and taken in to Halifax.95 Within a day or two the paroled officers of the Thorn arrived and published an account of their good treatment from Pearson.96
Thorn wound up as a training ship for the Marine Society of London.97
1 Allen, Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution, 299-300
2 Allen, Naval History of the American Revolution, ii, 415
3 Allen, Naval History of the American Revolution, ii, 402, 414-415. The information about Thorn in the description is from a worksheet by R. C. Brooks on the Thorn, furnished March 2007.
4 The details are from the First Lieutenant’s log, published widely in the newspapers. The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
5 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780, always here referred to as the Tryon.
6 Maclay, History of American Privateers, 89
7 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
8 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, 30 March 1780
9 Allen, Naval History of the American Revolution, ii, 417
10 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, 30 March 1780
11 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
12 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
13 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
14 Maclay, History of American Privateers, 89
15 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
16 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
17 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
18 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
19 Allen, Naval History of the Revolution, ii, 418
20 The Continental Journal [Supplement] [Boston], Thursday, March 23, 1780; the Spartan (Maclay, History of American Privateers, 89) or Sparlin (The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780).
21 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
22 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780
23 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, February 24, 1780. How then, do we account for Maclay’s statement that the crew of the Sir William Erskine rose and recaptured the prize just before she made Boston. Maclay, History of American Privateers, 89
24 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, 30 March 1780
25 The Continental Journal [Supplement] [Boston], Thursday, March 23, 1780
26 Allen, Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution, 300-301
27 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, July 13, 1780
28 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, December, 7, 1780
29 NRAR, 474
30 Allen, Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution, 301
31 Smith, Philip Chadwick Foster, Captain Samuel Tucker (1747-1833) Continental Navy, Salem, Massachusetts: Essex Institute, 1976, 76
32 Smith, Tucker, 78
33 Smith, Tucker, 78
34 Smith, Tucker, 78
35 Smith, Tucker, 105
36 Smith, Tucker, 78
37 Allen, Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution, 301, from the Salem Gazette of 27 March 1781
38 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], March 29, 1781
39 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], March 31, 1779
40 Smith, Tucker, 78
41 Allen, Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution, 301, from the Salem Gazette of 27 March 1781
42 Smith, Tucker, 78
43 Allen, Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution, 301, from the Salem Gazette of 27 March 1781
44 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], March 29, 1781
45 The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, April 12, 1781
46 The American Journal And General Advertiser [Providence], Wednesday, April 18, 1781, datelined Boston, April 16
47 Smith, Tucker, 105
48 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, December 27, 1781
49 Smith, Tucker, 79
50 Smith, Tucker, 79
51 Smith, Tucker, 105
52 Smith, Tucker, 79
53 Smith, Tucker, 105. The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], March 29, 1781, confirms her tonnage as 200 tons. However, this information is contradicted by The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, September 20, 1781. When she was finally libeled she was described as a 150-ton ship and her master was listed as Dunkinson. She was libeled in the Massachusetts Maritime Court of the Middle District on 20 September 1781, with her trial set for 2 October 1781
54 Smith, Tucker, 79
55 The American Journal And General Advertiser [Providence], Saturday, June 9, 1781
56 The Massachusetts Spy: Or, American Oracle of Liberty [Worcester],Thursday, June 14, 1781
57 The Massachusetts Spy: Or, American Oracle of Liberty [Worcester],Thursday, June 14, 1781
58 The American Journal And General Advertiser [Providence], Saturday, June 9, 1781
59 Smith, Tucker, 79
60 Smith, Tucker, 105
61 The Massachusetts Spy: Or, American Oracle of Liberty [Worcester],Thursday, June 14, 1781
62 The Connecticut Journal [New Haven]
63 Smith, Tucker, 79
64 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], June 14, 1781
65 Allen, Massachusetts Privateers of the Revolution, 301, from the Boston Gazette of 11 June 1781
66 Smith, Tucker, 80
67 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], Wednesday, September 5, 1781, datelined Boston, August 16, 1781
68 Smith, Tucker, 80
69 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], Wednesday, August 22, 1781, datelined Boston, August 6. Same report in numerous other papers.
70 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, September 20, 1781
71 Smith, Tucker, 80
72 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], Wednesday, August 22, 1781, datelined Boston, August 6. Same report in numerous other papers.
73 http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/jcr/~lap2, 28 March 2007. A biography of La Perouse.
74 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, September 20, 1781
75 Smith, Tucker, 81
76 Smith, Tucker, 80-81
77 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], Wednesday, September 5, 1781, datelined Boston, August 16, 1781
78 Smith, Tucker, 81
79 Smith, Tucker, 81. The voyage was not made in an “open boat” (The Continental Journal [Boston], Thursday, 23 August 1781; one other paper). See also The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], Wednesday, September 5, 1781, datelined Boston, August 16, 1781
80 Dictionary of American Biography, “Samuel Tucker”
81 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, January 17, 1782
82 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, December 20, 1781
83 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, January 17, 1782
84 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, December 20, 1781
85 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, January 17, 1782
86 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, December 20, 1781
87 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, December 20, 1781
88 The Connecticut Journal [New Haven], Thursday, February 21, 1782, datelined Halifax, December 8, 1781. Three other newspapers have the same report.
89 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, December 4, 1781, datelined Boston, November 19, 1781. Same in one other paper.
90 The Connecticut Journal [New Haven], Thursday, February 21, 1782, datelined Halifax, December 8, 1781. Three other newspapers have the same report.
91 The Salem Gazette, Thursday, January 3, 1782; same report in two other papers
92 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, December 4, 1781, datelined Boston, November 19, 1781. Same in one other paper.
93 The Massachusetts Spy: Or, American Oracle of Liberty [Worcester], September 19, 1782, datelined New York, September 4, 1782
94 The Boston Evening-Post and the General Advertiser, Saturday, September 7, 1782
95 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, September 5, 1782; The Massachusetts Spy: Or, American Oracle of Liberty [Worcester], Thursday, September 12, 1782, datelined Boston, September 5
96 The Boston Evening-Post and the General Advertiser, Saturday, September 7, 1782
97 Smith, Tucker, 81n17
| Posted 28 October 2009 |
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