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Connecticut Privateer Sloop Randolph |
| Randolph | (1) Commander Nicoll Fosdick |
| Armed Sloop | [August] 1780-[May] 1781 |
| Connecticut Privateer Sloop | (2) Commander Augustus Peck
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| Commissioned/First Date: | August 1780 |
| Out of Service/Cause: | 25 October 1782/captured by HM Sloop Bonetta |
| Owners: | Howland, Coit & Co., of Norwich, Connecticut |
| Tonnage: |
| Battery: | Date Reported: 3 August 1780 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 18/ Total: 18 cannon/ Broadside: 9 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 11 October 1780 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 18/4-pounder 72 pounds 36 pounds Total: 18 cannon/72 pounds Broadside: 9 cannon/36 pounds Swivels: Date Reported: 1 June 1781 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 18/ Total: 18 cannon/ Broadside: 9 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 15 August 1781 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 18/4-pounder 72 pounds 36 pounds Total: 18 cannon/72 pounds Broadside: 9 cannon/36 pounds Swivels: Date Reported: 9 April 1782 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 16/ Total: 16 cannon/ Broadside: 8 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 4 September 1782 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 14/ Total: 14 cannon/ Broadside: 7 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 4 November 1782 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 16/ Total: 16 cannon/ Broadside: 8 cannon/ Swivels: |
| Crew: | (1) 1780: 91 [total]
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| Description: |
| Officers: | (1) Lieutenant John Rider, -26 October 1782 |
| Cruises: | (1) New London, Connecticut, to New London, Connecticut [August 1780]-[October] 1780
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| Prizes: | (1) British Privateer Sloop Hibernia (James Hanna), [25 August] 1780
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| Actions: | (1) Action with Hibernia, 2 September 1780
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Comments:
Connecticut Privateer Sloop Randolph was commissioned under Commander Nicoll Fosdick of Norwich, Connecticut, perhaps about mid-summer 1780. She was listed as being armed with eighteen guns and as having a crew of ninety men.1 Other sources indicate that her battery was eighteen 4-pounders.2 Fosdick had sailed in merchant vessels before the war, and skippered the Connecticut Navy Trading Schooner William in 1777. He commanded the Connecticut Privateer Brigantine Defiance in 1779.3
Randolph was working up at New London in early August 1780. On 3 August Fosdick placed a standard recruiting advertisement, seeking hands. He noted that Randolph was a “fast sailing privateer sloop” mounting eighteen guns, and was about to proceed on a two month cruise. Recruits might expect to be “well used, and make to themselves a speedy Fortune.”4
Randolph sailed in August 1780, and apparently with the Connecticut Privateer Sloop Hancock (Commander Peter Richards).5 They steered to the northeast6 and eventually met the British Privateer Sloop Hibernia7 (James Hanna)8 and a prize schooner that she had captured.9 The schooner was bound from Santee, South Carolina and was put under prize master Henry Franks by the British. Her cargo consisted of naval stores.10 Hibernia was armed with ten 3-pounders and chose to fight, at least until Randolph got alongside and fired a broadside into her. With one dead and several wounded, Hanna surrendered. Meanwhile Hancock rounded up the schooner. Hancock escorted the Hibernia into New London on 2 September 1780. The schooner arrived at Providence, Rhode Island. Randolph returned to port on 4 September, having sprung her mast in a chase.11
The next day,12 Randolph and Hancock she captured the 30-ton13 sloop Venus14 (John Jasitays, prize master), another re-capture with a cargo of naval stores. She was bound from the James River in Virginia. She was ordered off to New London,15 where she arrived on 5 September.16
Hibernia was advertised for sale on 8 September, being noted as 80 tons and armed with ten 3-pounders. The sale was to be at Norwich on 19 September. Advertised at the same time was the 50-ton schooner captured by Hancock and the 30-ton sloop Venus.17 All three vessels were libeled on 29 September with trials set for 19 October 1780.18
Fosdick returned to sea with Randolph, presumably after repairing her sprung mast. Fosdick cruised to the east, running down latitude 54°N. On 11 October, at 0800, near 38°54'N, she captured an unknown British brig, mounting two guns, bound from England, with a cargo valued at £20,000. Later that day Randolph spoke the Rhode Island Privateer Sloop Hope (Commander James Munroe) and the two sailed together until the next day, when they parted.19
Following this cruise, Randolph seemingly returned to port and then sailed again. Randolph returned from a cruise on 2 May. She brought in a ship from Guernsey, Channel Islands, bound to New York, New York, with a cargo of various liquors.20 This prize was the 200-ton ship Hunter (Peter Petrie), libeled 1 June 1781, with her trial set for 15 June. She was advertised for sale on 8 June, with the sale to be held on 12 June. Hunter was described as “English built.”21
During the same cruise Randolph, with Connecticut Privateer Sloop Phoenix (Commander William Wattles) and Rhode Island Privateer Sloop Success (Commander John Hopkins), captured the 90 or 120-ton brigantine Pontus, bound from New York to Hull, England. She was sent into New London and was libeled on 1 June, with her trial set for 15 June. She was to be sold at the same time as the Hunter and was described as “almost new.”22
Randolph made a short cruise toward Sandy Hook, New Jersey. Randolph returned to New London from this cruise on 28 May 1781. Fosdick reported that he had seen, off Sandy Hook, a fleet of large ships standing south, on 25 May. He estimated that they consisted of about 10 sail.23
Randolph was re-commissioned on 1 June 1781, again under Peck. She was listed as having a battery of eighteen guns and a crew of ninety men. Randolph's $20,000 bond was executed by Peck, Thomas Mumford of Norwich, Connecticut, and by Chenevard.24
About 20 June Randolph sailed, steering for the waters off Sandy Hook.25 Randolph soon met the Connecticut Privateer Schooner Young Cromwell (Commnder Benjamin Hilliard). The pair captured the brigantine Society. The prize had been bound from Philadelphia to the West Indies with a cargo of flour and lumber. Society was captured by the British Privateer General Arnold, and ordered in to New York. She was then captured by the Randolph. Peck brought the prize into port on 24 June.26 Society was libeled on 27 June 1781, with her trial set for 29 June, being noted as a capture and a re-capture.27 She was advertised for sale on 6 July, being listed as 150 tons, with the sale to be held on July 13 at Norwich Landing.28
Randolph returned to port on 22 July 1781 with the prize ship Polly (John Webb), from Bristol, England to New York. She was twelve weeks out with a cargo of flour, glass, dry goods,29 butter and cheese,30 and was taken near Sandy Hook. Polly had sailed with the British Privateer Loyal Britian [Loyal Briton], which foundered at 33°N about 1 July.31 She was valued at over £10000.32 Polly was libeled on 10 August 1781, with her trial set for 30 August.33 She was advertised for sale on 24 August, with the sale to be held on 28 August. She was listed as 250 tons in the advertisement.34 On 29 March 1782 an advertisement appeared asking the men that were aboard the Randolph, under Peck, and who had participated in the capture of the ship Polly, to call on Nicoll Fosdick for their prize money.35
A British intelligence report, published in the New York newspapers on 15 August, stated that Randolph was at sea under Fosdick, and was armed with eighteen 4-pounders.36
HM Sloop Swallow was a brig rigged sloop-of-war, purchased in Dover in 1779. She measured 79'5" length on the deck, 60'2" length on the keel, 26'7" beam, 10'2" depth in the hold, and measured 226 54/94 tons. Swallow was armed with fourteen 4-pounders to which four 18-pounder carronades were later added. In August of 1781 her crew of eighty men was commanded by Commander Thomas Wells.37 About mid-July 1781 Swallow was sent from Antigua to New York, New York with dispatches.
On 15 August 178138 Swallow was nearing the entrance to New York Harbor, being about thirty-six miles from Sandy Hook, New Jersey. She had with her the brig Venus, a prize recaptured during her voyage. Some of Wells’s crew would have been aboard the Venus, perhaps ten or so, as her prize crew. Four American privateers appeared from the haze and began chasing Swallow. These got between Swallow and the land, cutting her off from the shore.39 Wells ran north, not liking the odds of four to one too much.
The American privateers were the Connecticut Privateer Schooner Young Cromwell (Commander William Reed), armed with ten 4-pounders and with a crew of forty-five men, Randolph, armed with sixteen 4-pounders and a crew of ninety men, Connecticut Privateer Brig Hancock (Commander Lodowick Champlin), with sixteen guns and ninety men, and Connecticut Privateer Brig Sampson (Commander David Brooks), eighteen 6-pounders and 100 men.40 The Americans had been cruising about the waters off the entrance to New York for some time, interrupting British trade and taking prizes. Sampson had had a previous fight with Swallow. The action that resulted was more of a long range chase.
As Wells ran north he passed by New York. The shore of Long Island lay ahead, which was “friendly” territory for the British. At the entrance to the Great South Bay, at the end of Fire Island, Wells ran the Swallow ashore. Venus also went ashore. Both were under continual fire from the four privateers. The vessels were evacuated and the British escaped ashore. Although the Americans tried to get the two brigs afloat they could not. Both were burned by the Americans41 on 16 August.42
About mid-August, Randolph, Connecticut Privateer Schooner Young Cromwell (Commander William Reed), and Connecticut Privateer Sloop Active (Commander Charles Bulkley) captured the schooner Hazzard (David Galbreath) bound from the Penobscot River. She was sent into New London, Connecticut, where she was libeled on 31 August 1781, with her trial set for the same day.43 She was advertised for sale on 24 August, with the sale to be held on 28 August. Hazzard was listed as 60 tons in the advertisement.44
Randolph also captured the brigantine Syren, from Marblehead, Massachusetts. She had been captured and then re-captured. She was sent into New London, Connecticut, where she was libeled on 31 August, with her trial set for the same day.45
Randolph began cruising with Young Cromwell and with Rhode Island Privateer Sloop Success (Commander John Hopkins). Young Cromwell was, on 3 September 1781, about nine miles south of Southampton, Long Island.46 She had been cruising with Randolph and Rhode Island Privateer Sloop Success (Commander John Hopkins).47 At 0500 Young Cromwell was standing to windward with the wind at southwest, when she sighted two sail to the southeast, about fifteen miles distant. Young Cromwell put about in chase. At 0530 two more sail were seen to the east northeast, about twenty-seven miles distant. At 0730 she caught the first prize, the 200-ton ship Achilles. First Lieutenant John Cook was sent aboard as prize master and soon made sail after the Young Cromwell. At 0815 the second ship surrendered. This prize was the 100-ton ship Williamson. The other two sail were now close to the land about six to nine miles away. Young Cromwell and her prizes bore away and the two strangers chased, coming up in about two hours. These proved to be the Randolph and Success. These helped secure the prizes by furnishing prize masters and men.
The Achilles and the Williamson were both Navy transports. British Transport Ship Achilles (David Stanhouse), bound from Deptford, England with a cargo of provisions for the Royal Navy. She sailed from Portsmouth, England bound for St. Kitts on 27 November 1780, and sailed from St. Kitts for New York on 1 August 1781. Stanhouse was at 40°30'N, 74°W when he was captured. Achilles was owned by Walter Cope and William Bignal & Co. Of London, England. Achilles was sent into New London, arriving on 4 September. British Transport Ship Williamson (Christopher Reed), owned by John Buntin and Boyn of Hull, England, was a Navy Victualler. She had loaded with provisions at Deptford and sailed from Portsmouth on 12 March 1781, for St. Kitts. She sailed from St. Kitts for New York on 1 August 1781. Reed was removed to the Young Cromwell when she was captured.48
The two prizes arrived in port on 4 September 1781. Both had cargoes of pork, beef, and butter, and were from England to New York, by way of St. Kitts.49 They were libeled on 9 November 1781, with trial set for 28 November.50 Achilles was advertised for sale on 12 October 1781, with the sale to be held at Norwich Landing on 18 October. She is listed as 270 tons.51 Williamson was advertised on 28 September 1781, with the sale to be held on 4 October 1781, and was listed as 350 tons and “British built.” Williamson was listed as 300 tons.52
Randolph spoke a privateer galley on 14 November. The captain of the galley reported seeing a British fleet raising sail and getting underway from New York. On 17 November Randolph returned from her cruise.53
Randolph was in port for a considerable time, probably undergoing a refit and recruiting a new crew. Nicholl Fosdick had returned as the new commander, and was in command by at least 20 March 1782.54 Randolph continued in port until early April.
About 3 April Randolph sailed out of New London.55 The next day she was off Point Judith, Rhode Island56 where she fell in with the 60-ton57 British Privateer Schooner Fox58 (Joseph Hewes Burton),59 with ten60 or twelve61 guns and thirty-five62 or fifty63 men, sailing out of New York.64 Other sources indicate she had sailed from England for New York six weeks before.65 The “fast-sailing”66 Fox was no match for the Randolph and was soon captured.67
Charles Bulkley was put aboard as prize master and ordered into New London. Bulkley was advised to “Keep a good Look out. Show no lights, and put the prisoners you have on board in Irons if you think the least danger.” Bulkley brought the prize into port on 7 April.68
The next day69 Randolph fell in with the 2570 or 50-ton71 British Privateer Schooner St. Patrick72 (John Duggan)73 also out of New York.74 She was intercepted off Block Island.75 St. Patrick was armed with two 3-pounders and eight cohorns.76 With her crew of twenty-two77 or thirty-six78 men she was no match for Randolph and was quickly captured.79 Robert Latimer was put aboard as prize master.80 About 9 April Randolph returned from her short cruise, bringing the prizes into New London.81
Both British schooners were libeled on 9 April, with the trials set for 16 April. An advertisement appeared on 12 April, announcing the sale of the two schooners at Norwich on 18 April.82 While he was in port Fosdick recruited a sailor named Christopher Vail, who has left a journal of his experiences. Vail noted that Randolph had a crew of seventy men and carried sixteen guns.83
Randolph was soon back at sea. On 12 April, off Gardiner’s Island, New York, she captured a small un-named sloop. The sloop was sent into New London, where she was libeled on 24 April and tried on 6 May 1782.84 This was the sloop which the newly recruited Christopher Vail took command as prize master. She arrived at Norwich on 13 April.85
On 30 April Randolph was at 36°N, 50°W86 where the 60-ton sloop Polly87 (John Stouport)88 was met and captured. Polly was owned in New York by William Mitchell,89 and was bound to Antigua, British West Indies. Polly had a crew of seven men aboard. She had formerly been the American sloop Polly, and was captured by the British Privateer Sloop Prince William Henry.90 Polly arrived in New London about 1 May 1782.91 Alternatively, Polly may have been the prize sloop which arrived in New London on 3 May, bound from New York to the West Indies with a cargo of flour.92 Polly was libeled on 17 May, with her trial set for 20 May. She was advertised for sale on 17 May, with the sale to be held on 23 May at Norwich Landing. Polly was said to be 70 tons and “Virginia built” in the advertisement.93
On 8 May the prize brig Alegater [Aligator, Alligator] (Stutson),94 of Boston, Massachusetts95 bound from St. Croix, Danish West Indies to Boston, Massachusetts with a cargo of rum, arrived at New London.96 She had sailed from Boston, Massachusetts to the Kennebec River, took on a cargo of lumber, and then sailed for the West Indies. Alligator sailed from St. Croix on 25 March 1782, and been captured by HMS Centurion (Captain Samuel Clayton) on 10 April 1782. British prize master Godfrey Lewis took charge of her. She was re-captured by the Randolph on 2 May. Fosdick put Joseph Bell aboard as prize master.97 Aligator was said to be a 100-ton brig, and was libeled on 17 May, with her trial set for 20 May. She was advertised for sale on 17 May: Alligator was said to be 130 tons. She was to be sold at Norwich Landing on 23 May.98
About 26 May 1782 Randolph met the Connecticut Privateer Brig Hancock (Commander Lodowick Champlin). After exchanging information the two accompanied one another.99 The next day the Connecticut Privateer Schooner Eliza (Commander William Leeds) was at 39°10'N, 72°12'W. In the morning she fell in with a brig and chased her. She ran off to leeward. Eliza chased and met the Hancock and the Randolph. All three were in gunshot when the brig surrendered.100 After this Hancock and Randolph parted company.101 The capture was made about 120 miles to the southeast of Sandy Hook.102
The 60103 or 100-ton104 prize brig William (William Corson)105 had a cargo of tobacco aboard and was bound from New York to Europe. She had sailed on 27 June.106 William had a checkered history in this war. She started out British, being owned by William Davenport of Liverpool, England, was captured by the Americans and used with the same name. She was captured by HM Frigate Assurance (Captain William Swiney) and condemned at New York as a re-capture. Alexander Wallace purchased her there on 21 May 1782. Christopher Vail, quartermaster of the Randolph, was assigned as prize master of the William. His journal tells the story of her voyage to New London:
On our second cruise the 16th we captured the copper bottom’d brig William laden with tobacco bound from New York to Liverpool. She mounted 8 carriage guns. I was put on board of her as a prize master to carry her into N. London. She had a Capt. Williamson & lady on board which was passengers, and was the 2d time that he had attempted to go to England and each time was captured. The next morning after leaving the privateer I was chased by a cruiser, a schooner. She gained on me very fast but I made use of a stratagem to get clear of her. I knew if she came along side and was an enemy I should be captured. I immediately hove in stays and gave him chase. The plan succeeded. He hove about and run from me. I continued the chase until he was nearly out of sight. I then bore away and at 3 A.M. that day made Block Island bearing north. at the same time a frigate and brig was off Montaug Point. It came on very foggy and a quick breeze from the southard. I reeft my topsails and stood N.W. for the Race, & night came on and so dark and foggy that we could not see the length of the vessel. About midnight I heard a heavy roaring similar to a surf. I hove the lead, got no bottom. we gained on the roaring very fast. Still heaving the led as fast as I could sling it, all at once I was in the midst of it, and found it to be the Race tide.107 The wind died away very quick and it lighted up a little and I discovered the little gull Island, and found myself drifting out again to sea. We continued drifting about one hour when the breeze sprang up again. I altered by course to N.N.W. allowing two points lee way for tide, calculating that course would carry me into N. London. but whether I went ahead or stern I could not tell as I could not find bottom. But at 3 in the morning I struck soundings in 11 fathoms water and rounded to and came to anchor. It continued foggy until 11 A.M. when it cleared off and I found myself off Goshen Reef. The wind sprung up at the same time I got under way. Run into N. London. From there we carried the brig to Norwich where we discharged her. The privateer captured several prizes and arrived back into port safe.108
William arrived at New London on 30 May.109 All three privateers libeled the 100-ton brigantine William on 7 June 1782, with trial set for 12 June.110 William was advertised for sale on 14 June, at Norwich Landing. The sale was to take place on 25 June. She was said to be copper-bottomed.111
Randolph libeled a 40-ton empty sloop at the same time.112 This was probably the 30-ton sloop advertised for sale on 14 June, described as suitable for a coaster, with the sale set for 25 June.113
Randolph fell in with the 20-ton sloop Sea Nymph (Joseph Craithorne) on 20 June, at 38°74°W. Sea Nymph was bound from New York to St. Augustine, East Florida, and seems to have been in ballast. She was sent into New London,114 where she arrived on 25 June.115 She was libeled on 26 June.116
On 22 June Randolph was at 38°74°W when she fell in with the British Privateer Sloop Prince William Henry (Henry Gilpin). She was bound from New York to Tortola in the British West Indies, in ballast. Fosdick put John Rider in charge of her and sent her off to New London.117 She arrived in New London on 23 June.118 Although this sloop was said to be empty,119 she may have had a cargo of flour aboard.120 She was libeled as Prince William Henry on 28 June, with her trial set for the same day.121 Prince William Henry had originally been British property, and was a recapture. She was owned by John Ponsonby of New York.122
Randolph, after fitting out at New London, moved to Stonington, Connecticut to recruit a few more men before she sailed. She was at Stonington on 27 and 28 July 1782.123
A small British privateer schooner,124 the 40125 or 50-ton Sukey126 (Benjamin Burgis), armed with six guns,127 from New York, entered Newport Harbor on the night of 2 August 1782. She cut out the 120-ton128 brig,129 (or brigantine) Adventure, with a cargo of staves, lumber, onions and provisions,130 ready to sail for the West Indies and the 30-ton coasting sloop131 Industry132 (Job Howland), bound for New Providence, Bahama Islands with a cargo of flour, onions, and corn. Burgis put Stephen Perry aboard the Industry as prize master133 The British set out for New York with their prizes. The next morning, in Long Island Sound, the Randolph encountered the trio134 in the area known as “The Race,” where tides entering Long Island Sound created rough waters. Industry was chased ashore on Gardiner’s Island, but the gunner of the Randolph, Giles Chester, got her off and took her into New London as prize master. Sukey was captured and put under Randolph’s mate, Singleton Latham, as prize master.135 The brig made off, temporarily. Adventure was later captured by the Continental Navy Ship Alliance (Captain John Barry).136 All three were sent into New London, where they were libeled on 9 August, with trial set for 13 August. All three were advertised for sale on 9 August with the auction set for 14 August.137
The 80-ton brigantine Greyhound (John Watson), with four guns and a crew of ten men, was bound from New York to the British garrison at the Penobscot River with various stores, including tobacco, onions, apples and sugar, for the garrison. She had cleared from New York on 27 July 1782. On 10 August 1782, at 37°30'N, 70°W, Greyhound encountered the Randolph and was captured. According to her papers Greyhound was formerly the American Redmond, captured by the British Privateer Brig Digby (John Laughton). She was condemned at New York on 11 July 1782. Henry Elliot was assigned as Greyhound’s prize master and brought her into New London on 14 August.138 Other reports indicate, incorrectly, that the Greyhound was bound from New York to Newfoundland.139 Greyhound was libeled on 16 August, with her trial set for 19 August.140 Greyhound, described as “beautiful, fast sailing” and “Philadelphia built” was advertised for sale on 22 August, with the sale to be held on 29 August.141
Fosdick returned to New London from his cruise on 4 September 1782.142
On 13 September 1782 Fosdick placed an advertisement for sailors for his next cruise. Randolph mounted fourteen guns, according to the advertisement, and would sail about 25 September.143 However, Peck resumed command for the next, less fortunate, cruise.144
Randolph was captured on 25 October 1782,145 by HM Sloop Bonetta (Commander Richard Goodwin Keats)146 and HM Frigate Vestal.147 She was sent in to New York and arrived there before 4 November 1782. The British reported that Randolph had sixteen guns and eighty men aboard.148 She was tried and condemned there in 1782.149
1 Claghorn, Naval Officers of the American Revolution, 113; McManemin, Privateers, 40
2 Maclay, History of American Privateers, 171. This is from the Journal of Solomon Drowne.
3 McManemin, Privateers, 40
4 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 4, 1780
5 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 107
6 McManemin, Privateers, 40
7 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], September 8, 1780
8 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], September 29, 1780
9 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], September 8, 1780
10 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], September 29, 1780. Other accounts say she was from France to Virginia with naval stores. The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], September 8, 1780.
11 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], September 8, 1780
12 McManemin, Privateers, 41
13 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780
14 Claghorn, Naval Officers of the American Revolution, 113; McManemin, Privateers, 41
15 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 29, 1780
16 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780
17 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780
18 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 29, 1780
19 Maclay, History of American Privateers, 171. This is from the Journal of Solomon Drowne, aboard the Hope.
20 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 4, 1781
21 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 1, 1781
22 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 1, 1781
23 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 1, 1781
24 NRAR, 428
25 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 29, 1781
26 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 29, 1781
27 The Norwich Packet and the Weekly Advertiser, Thursday, June 28, 1781
28 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, July 6, 1781
29 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, July 27, 1781. In Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, 180-181, her date of capture is incorrectly given as January 1781.
30 The Providence Gazette and Country Journal, July 28, 1781
31 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, July 27, 1781
32 The Freeman's Journal: or, The North-American Intelligencer [Philadelphia], August 15, 1781
33 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 10, 1781
34 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 24, 1781
35 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, March 29, 1782. The advertisement is dated March 20, 1782
36 The Royal Gazette, Wednesday, August 15, 1781; The New-York Gazette; and The Weekly Mercury, Monday, August 20, 1781
37 Mr. Brooks’s e-mail 6/2/2009
38 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, September 4, 1781, datelined New London, August 24, 1781
39 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, August 28, 1781, datelined New York, August 22
40 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, September 4, 1781, datelined New London, August 24, 1781
41 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, September 4, 1781, datelined New London, August 24, 1781
42 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Tuesday, August 28, 1781, datelined New York, August 22
43 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 31, 1781
44 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 24, 1781
45 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 31, 1781
46 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 249-251
47 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, November 9, 1781
48 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During the Revolution, II, 249-251
49 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 7, 1781
50 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, November 9, 1781
51 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, October 12, 1781
52 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 28, 1781
53 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, November 23, 1781
54 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, March 29, 1782. An advertisement for the disbursement of prize money directs the crew to Nicoll Fosdick. The advertisement is dated March 20, 1782.
55 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
56 The Providence Gazette and Country Journal, Saturday, April 13, 1782
57 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
58 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
59 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 181-182
60 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
61 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 181-182
62 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
63 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 181-182
64 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
65 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 181-182
66 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
67 The Providence Gazette and Country Journal, Saturday, April 13, 1782
68 McManemin, Privateers, 42, quoting letter of Fosdick to Bulkley written on the back of a copy of Fosdick’s commission, dated 4 April; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 181-182
69 The Providence Gazette and Country Journal, Saturday, April 13, 1782. Alternatively dated to 6 April in McManemin, Privateers, 42
70 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
71 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 181-182
72 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
73 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 181-182
74 The Providence Gazette and Country Journal, Saturday, April 13, 1782
75 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 181-182
76 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782. According to McManemin, Privateers, 42, she had ten carriage guns, but this seems very unlikely.
77 The Providence Gazette and Country Journal, Saturday, April 13, 1782
78 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 181-182
79 The Providence Gazette and Country Journal, Saturday, April 13, 1782
80 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 181-182
81 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
82 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 12, 1782
83 Vail’s Journal is reprinted in full at http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs401av1,0,4589055.story
84 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 3, 1782
85 Christopher Vail’s Journal is reprinted in full at http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs401av1,0,4589055.story
86 McManemin, Privateers, 42. This position is impossible however. Perhaps, 70°W is meant in this instance. Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 182 has the same position.
87 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 17, 1782
88 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 182
89 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 17, 1782
90 McManemin, Privateers, 43; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 182
91 McManemin, Privateers, 42; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 182
92 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 10, 1782
93 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 17, 1782
94 The Connecticut Journal [New Haven], Thursday, May 23, 1782, datelined New London, May 10
95 The Providence Gazette and Country Journal, Saturday, May 11, 1782
96 The Connecticut Journal [New Haven], Thursday, May 23, 1782, datelined New London, May 10
97 McManemin, Privateers, 43; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 182-184
98 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 17, 1782
99 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], June 26, 1782, datelined New London, June 7
100 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 80. Reprints letter from Leeds to Elijah Healmes.
101 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], June 26, 1782, datelined New London, June 7
102 McManemin, Privateers, 43; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 184
103 McManemin, Privateers, 43; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 184
104 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 7, 1782
105 McManemin, Privateers, 43; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 184
106 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 31, 1782
107 “The Race” is an area of tidal activity at the mouth of Long Island Sound, according to McManemin, Privateers, 44, which also reprints this segment of Vail’s Journal; see also Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 184
108 Vail’s Journal is reprinted in full at http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs401av1,0,4589055.story
109 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 31, 1782
110 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 7, 1782
111 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 14, 1782
112 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 7, 1782
113 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 14, 1782
114 McManemin, Privateers, 45; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 184
115 The Boston Evening-Post and the General Advertiser, July 6, 1782, datelined New London, June 28, 1782; The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 28, 1782
116 McManemin, Privateers, 45; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 184
117 McManemin, Privateers, 45; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 185
118 The Connecticut Journal [New Haven], July 4, 1782, datelined New London, June 28, 1782
119 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 28, 1782
120 The Freeman's Journal: or, The North-American Intelligencer [Philadelphia], July 17, 1782
121 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 28, 1782
122 McManemin, Privateers, 45; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 185
123 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, July 26, 1782
124 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], Wednesday, August 28, 1782, datelined New London, August 9
125 McManemin, Privateers, 45; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 185
126 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 9, 1782
127 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 9, 1782
128 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 9, 1782
129 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], Wednesday, August 28, 1782, datelined New London, August 9
130 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 9, 1782
131 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], Wednesday, August 28, 1782, datelined New London, August 9
132 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 9, 1782
133 McManemin, Privateers, 45; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 185
134 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], Wednesday, August 28, 1782, datelined New London, August 9
135 McManemin, Privateers, 45; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 185
136 The New Jersey Gazette [Burlington], Wednesday, August 28, 1782, datelined New London, August 9
137 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 9, 1782
138 McManemin, Privateers, 45-46; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut, II, 185-186
139 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 16, 1782
140 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 16, 1782
141 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 23, 1782
142 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 6, 1782
143 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, September 20, 1782
144 The Connecticut Journal [New Haven], Wednesday, November 27, 1782, datelined New London, November 15
145 The New-York Gazette; and The Weekly Mercury, Monday, March 17, 1783; The Royal Gazette [New York], Wednesday, March 5, 1783. The return of prisoners includes a sailor from New London, William Ashcroft, taken on 3 October; and Lieutenant John Rider of Rhode Island, captured on 26 October.
146 The London Gazette, Tuesday, September 16, to Saturday, September 20, 1783; The New-York Gazette; and The Weekly Mercury, Monday, March 17, 1783
147 The New-York Gazette; and The Weekly Mercury, Monday, March 17, 1783
148 The Salem Gazette, Friday, November 29, 1782, datelined New York, November 4
149 HCA 32/436/14/1-7
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