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Connecticut Privateer Sloop Hancock |
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| Hancock | (1) Commander Thomas Chester, Jr. |
| Armed Sloop | 22 September 1778-[February] 1779 |
| Connecticut Privateer Sloop | (2) Commander Elisha Hinman
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| Commissioned/First Date: | 22 September 1778 |
| Out of Service/Cause: | 27 February 1781/captured by the British at Demerara |
| Owners: | Thomas Mumford of Groton, Connecticut |
| Tonnage: |
| Battery: | Date Reported: 22 September 1778 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 10/ Total: 10 cannon/ Broadside: 5 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 26 March 1779 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 10/ Total: 10 cannon/ Broadside: 5 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 14 April 1780 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 12/4-pounder 48 pounds 24 pounds Total: 12 cannon/48 pounds Broadside: 6 cannon/24 pounds Swivels: |
| Crew: | (1) 22 September 1778: 81 [total]
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| Description: |
| Officers: |
| Cruises: | (1) New London, Connecticut to Demerara, Netherlands South America, [October] 1778-[November] 1778
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| Prizes: | (1) British Privateer Sloop Game Cock (Charles Latelier), [7] April 1779, with Connecticut Privateer Sloop Beaver
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| Actions: | (1) Action with unknown British vessel, March 1779
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Comments:
Connecticut Privateer Sloop Hancock was commissioned on 22 September 1778 under Commander Thomas Chester, Jr. of Groton, Connecticut. She was listed as being armed with ten guns and as having a crew of eighty men. Her £2000 bond was executed by Chester and Thomas Mumford of Groton.1 She was owned by Mumford.2
Chester took Hancock on a long voyage to the West Indies. Hancock was at Demerara, a Netherlands colony on the South American coast [now Demerara, Guyana] in January 1779. She would have sailed from New London about mid-October or the first of November 1778. Hancock sailed from Demerara on 12 January 1779. After a passage of thirty-five days she arrived at New London on 16 February 1779.3
About 20 March 1779 Hancock (Commander Elisha Hinman) was at sea. Hinman encountered and chased an enemy privateer (Stout) which had been attacking the New London trade. Hancock got within a mile of the enemy after a chase of several hours, but night came on and the British got away in the darkness.4 The enemy privateer was probably the sixteen gun Harlequin (John Stout), sailing out of New York.5
A few days later (26 March) Hancock, listed as having ten guns, was cruising in Long Island Sound. Off New London she fell in with a privateer brig out of New York. A “severe” engagement began at pistol shot range and continued for one hour. By then the two vessels had drawn close to HMS Renown, laying nearby, and Hinman was forced to break off the action. Hinman had only one man wounded but his sails and rigging were damaged. Hancock returned to port in New London.6
On 1 April 1779 Hancock was in port at New London. Most of her ammunition had been exhausted during the fight with the unknown British privateer. On 1 April her owner, Thomas Mumford, was writing requesting cartridge paper from various sources. Hancock was to sail again by 4 April.7
Hancock sailed again in company with the Connecticut Privateer Sloop Beaver (Commander William Havens). Within a few days the pair met and captured, near Block Island, the British Privateer Sloop8 Game Cock 9(Charles Letelier10 [Charles Le Tainer]).11 Game Cock was armed with six guns,12 measured 30 tons,13 and was sailing out of New York. According to the New York papers she was armed with twelve guns. Aboard Game Cock as a lieutenant was one Robert Oliver, well known to the authorities at New London. Two months before he had been a prisoner there and escaped. Game Cock was brought in to New London on the morning of 10 April.14 She was condemned on 28 April 1779.15 She was advertised for sale on 22 April, with the sale to be held on 29 April.16
The two privateers returned to sea immediately and had a very fruitful short cruise. On 22 April, in the afternoon, the sloop Dispatch arrived at New London, a prize of the Beaver and Hancock. She was bound from Saint Domingue, French West Indies with a cargo of rum and sugar. Dispatch had been captured by the British and was re-captured off Sandy Hook, New Jersey by the two Americans. The same day the schooner Marlborough arrived at New London. She was bound from Bermuda to New York with a cargo of lumber, and was also captured off Sandy Hook by the two privateers. On 23 April a schooner in ballast, bound from Newburyport, Massachusetts to Virginia arrived. She had been captured by the British and re-captured by Beaver and Hancock. The same day arrived the sloop Speedwell (Wilson), owned in New Haven, Connecticut. She had sailed from New Haven on 17 April, was captured by the British Privateer St. George (James Carew), and was quickly re-captured by the two privateers. Four prizes had arrived in two days, captured by the two American privateers.17
Nor was that the last of it. On 1 May 1779 the Beaver and Hancock arrived at New London, escorting in a British letter-of-marque sloop with eight guns and a crew of twenty men. She was bound from St. Augustine, East Florida to New York with a cargo of rum, molasses, and naval stores. The sloop was also captured off Sandy Hook.18
The 160-ton19 British Privateer Brig Bellona20 (Thomas Lawrence)21 arrived at New London on 9 May, also captured by the two privateers. Bellona was a vessels owned by the Tory Goodrich family, originally from Virginia. She was bound to New York from Bermuda with a cargo of West India goods, and was captured off Sandy Hook. According to a list of British privateers at New York, Bellona had twenty guns, but she only had twelve guns when captured.22 Bellona was libeled on 27 May and her trial set for 10 June. Bellona was advertised for sale on 27 May, with the acution to be held on 8 June.23
Connecticut Privateer Sloop Eagle (Commander Edward Conkling) was at sea in May 1779 and captured several prizes, reducing her crew to fifteen men.24 On 8 May 1779, off Stonington, Connecticut,25 the prisoners aboard the Eagle rose and captured the sloop. All the crew were murdered except for two boys.26 The insurgent British re-captured one of the prizes, which was then captured again by the Hancock and Beaver and sent into Stonington, Connecticut.27 This re-captured prize may have been the sloop Charlotte.
Next to arrive was the 70-ton28 British Privateer29 Schooner Mulberry (Philip Ahier),30 armed with eight guns.31 She was libeled on 20 May with her trial set for 10 June.32 Mulberry was advertised for sale on 27 May, with the auction set for 8 June.33
The 90-ton34 armed sloop Hunter (Robert M’Larty) was captured about this time. She was libeled by the two privateers on 20 May, with her trial to be held on 10 June.35 She was advertised for sale on 27 May, with the auction set for 8 June. One other prize was advertised for sale the same day, the 60-ton sloop Charlotte. There is no other record of her.36
About 16 May a convoy of twenty-one sail came up the Sound, proceeding from New York to Newport, Rhode Island. Among the escorts was HM Frigate Thames. Off New London the Hancock and the Beaver managed to cut out37 the 60-ton38 British Privateer Sloop Lady Erskine39 (Edward Drew),40 eight guns. Lady Erskine was sent into New London on 16 May,41 and was libeled on 27 May, with her trial set for 10 June. She was advertised for sale on 27 May, with the auction to be held on 8 June. She was stated to be Bermuda built and to have ten guns in the auction advertisement. At the same time twelve 6-pounders and eight 3-pounders were to be sold, no doubt guns captured on the various prizes.42
When Hancock returned from this cruise, her command went to Peter Richards, a native of Norwich, a former Lieutenant in the Continental Navy and a new son-in-law to Thomas Mumford. In June 1779 Hancock was at sea under Richards. On 4 June he captured the British Privateer Sloop Ariel (Hagins), twelve guns, and only twelve hours out from Sandy Hook, New Jersey.43 Ariel arrived at New London on 5 June.44 According to a list of New York privateers she had twelve guns,45 but actually had six iron and four wooden guns.46
On 5 June Hancock and Connecticut Navy Ship Oliver Cromwell (Captain Timothy Parker) were cruising several miles to the south of Sandy Hook. In the afternoon they were chased by three British cruising ships and a brig. One of the ships, HM Frigate Daphne, was a very fast sailer and got up with the Oliver Cromwell. A two hour fight followed. The Oliver Cromwell shot away Daphne’s main topmast, but the other ships came up and Parker was forced to surrender. Meanwhile Hancock got away.47
On 7 June a prize sloop arrived at New London, taken off Sandy Hook by the Hancock. She was bound from New Providence, Bahama Islands to New York with a cargo of turtle and fruit.48 Richards reported her, however, as a twelve gun sloop, bound from New Providence to New York.49 A short time later Richards met the British Privateer Sloop Eagle, armed with twelve guns, off Sandy Hook and captured her. The Eagle was returning to New York from a cruise and had taken several prizes. She was also stated to have twenty guns.50 Eagle was advertised for sale on 24 June, with the auction to be held on 29 June. She was said to have ten guns and ten swivels.51
On 17 June an advertisement appeared in the New London paper for the distribution of prize money from the Hancock’s cruises under Hinman.52
A sloop from St. Eustatius, Netherlands West Indies, was the next prize to arrive at New London, on 27 June. She had stopped at Georgia en route to New York, and had sailed from Georgia on 15 June. Two days later a brig from Halifax, Nova Scotia came in. She had a cargo of fish, potatoes and oil. The brig had been captured by the Hancock, Beaver, and Connecticut Privateer Little Cromwell. A British commissary of prisoners was aboard this brig.53 The armed schooner Hawke was also captured in June.54
Hancock seems to have returned from her cruise early in July 1779. An advertisement appeared in the New London paper on 18 August 1779, announcing the distribution of prize money for the cruises of the Hancock while under the command of Hinman and Richards.55
In August 1779, Lodowick Champlin of New London, Connecticut, was given command of the Hancock. On 31 August 1779 Champlin arrived at New London from a short cruise. He had captured two schooners, one of which had arrived at New London, and brought in a brig from Jamaica with a cargo of rum.56 The schooner was the Little William (Samuel Daniel), from Bermuda; and the prize brig was the Strumpet (John Angeles). Both prizes were libeled on 15 September, with their trials to be held on 5 October 1779.57 An advertisement for the sale of the Strumpet appeared on 29 September, in which it was noted that she measured 120 tons.58
Not willing to waste much time in port, Champlin ran a recruiting advertisement on 1 September 1779, announcing the need for a few men. Champlin expected to sail again about 6 September.59
Hancock sailed very close to the expected date, in company with two other Connecticut privateers, the Venus (Comander Welden) and the Eagle (Commander Nichol Fosdick). On 8 September they fell in with a three deck letter-of-marque ship which mounted twenty guns. Despite the strength of the ship the three privateers engaged her for three glasses (an hour and a half). Hancock lost three men killed and four wounded in the fight, and was shot up in her spars and rigging. Venus had two men wounded. Venus and Eagle separated from Hancock and were driven ashore and destroyed at Egg Harbor beach a few days later, by HM Frigate Daphne and three other British cruisers.60
Hancock returned from her cruise on 25 (or 26) September 1779.61 A notice to her crew to pick up their prize money from the cruise was published on 15 December 1779.62
Hancock was now placed under the command of Thomas Chester again and made a voyage to the West Indies. On 12 January 1780 the New London paper reported that Hancock, sailing with the Deane (Richards) and the Sally (Thompson) had safely arrived in Martinique, French West Indies, in eighteen days.63 This would place the outbound voyage about November-December 1779. Hancock moved from Martinique to St. Eustatius, Netherlands West Indies and probably made a cruise while in the West Indies. Hancock sailed from St. Eustatius on 25 March 1780 and arrived in New London on 13 April, in nineteen days.64
Hancock was immediately given a “new” commander. A recruiting advertisement was placed on 24 April 1780 for the Hancock, under her commander, Peter Richards. Datelined at Groton, it was titled “Once Chance more for a Fortune . . .” the advertisement noted that Hancock mounted twelve 4-pounders and was a “noted swift-sailing Privateer . . .” Richards expected to sail from New London about the first week of May 1780.65
Hancock seemingly sailed about the first of May 1780. In conjunction with Connecticut Privateer Schooner Bunker Hill (Commander Sanford Thompson), and Pennsylvania Privateer Brig Holker (Commander Matthew Lawler), Hancock took a ship from Barbados, with 450 hogsheads of rum aboard. She was sent into Philadelphia.66
Hancock and Holker then teamed up with Connecticut Privateer Schooner Experiment (Commander Nathan Sage) and Connecticut Privateer Young Beaver. At 2300 on 23 May 1780 the four met the British packet Arteriel (Charles Newman), bound from Falmouth to New York, with twenty guns. Near the eastern point of Sandy Hook, New Jersey, she was chased ashore. The British crew got ashore and saved the mail. The Americans set about refloating the Arteriel, but, on 24 May a fleet of twenty sail came out of New York and chased away the privateers. Only a few articles were saved from the Arteriel. The three Connecticut privateers returned to New London on 25 May.67
Within a few days Hancock was back at sea, sailing with a virtual flotilla of small privateers. Connecticut Privateer Sloop Sally (Commander Seth Warner), Connecticut Privateer Schooner Bunker Hill (Commander Sanford Thompson), Connecticut Privateer Sloop Retaliation (Commander William Havens), Connecticut Privateer Schooner Experiment (Commander Nathan Sage) and Hancock met and captured the brig Cornelia (William Adams), from Dublin. She was libeled on 9 June 1780. Her trial was set for 14 June.68 Cornelia was brought into New London on 1 June by the Sally. The prize was seventeen weeks out of Dublin with a cargo of beef, pork, candles, and cloth, with a cargo valued at £7800.69 An advertisement for her sale was placed on 21 June, published on 23 June, with the sale to be held on 5 July 1780. Cornelia was said to be European built and to measure 200 tons. At the same time six 6-pounders and six 12-pounders were to be sold and this was presumably Cornelia’s battery.70
The day after Cornelia was brought in, Hancock returned to New London, bringing in the prize brig Friendship (William Robertson). Friendship was bound from the Madeira Islands to New York with a cargo of wine. She was libeled on 9 June with her trial set for 14 June.71 An advertisement for her sale, dated 22 June, appeared in the paper on 23 June, with the sale to take place on 5 July. She was stated to be 180 tons in the advertisement.72
Hancock was back out at sea very quickly. She soon met the Massachusetts Privateer Ship Tracy (Commander John Burroughs Hopkins). Tracy had just fought and taken a fourteen gun letter-of-marque brig sailing out of New York. Richards took three of the prisoners aboard the Hancock. She returned to New London on 18 June.73
Richards began preparing for her next voyage immediately. A recruiting advertisement appeared in the paper on 23 June for new crewmen. According to this advertisement Hancock would sail on 28 June.74 However Hancock did not sail. On 30 June or 1 July 1780 and embargo on privateer sailings, imposed by Connecticut, took effect.75 This action was taken to allow the recruiting for the Connecticut contribution to the Continental Army to go forward. While the embargo was in effect an advertisement for the distribution of the prize money for the Cornelia, Friendship, and the items from the packet was published on 14 July.76
The embargo expired on 1 August 1780. A notice to the crew and new sailors to report aboard Hancock was published on 28 July. She was to sail on 2 August from New London.77 At the same time the owner of the Hancock, Thomas Mumford, took the seemingly innocent step of requesting the captains of the companies within the Third Brigade, whose detachments had not joined and marched to join the army, to send the names of the missing men to Richards. Richards was “desirous such may not have the Advantage of the Hancock’s Cruise, when their Service is required in the Field in Defence of their Country.”78
This unusual declaration provoked a protest. On 18 August the New London paper carried an open letter to the owner of the Hancock, from “The Officers and detached Men of the Third Brigade . . .” In the letter they noted that regular returns of their men were made to “His Excellency,” and that Captain Richards hardly needed them. Furthermore they thought the owner of the Hancock “might have displayed more Patriotism and less Ostentation if at that critical Juncture he had omitted drawing any more Men from the Defence of their Country which they confide had a tendency to swell the Pockets of individuals to the manifest injury of the Publick . . .” The officers noted that after the alarm guns were sounded announcing the presence of a British fleet in the Sound, “the . . . Privateer without landing any of her Men, made sail and quitted the Harbour.”79
But this was not the end of the controversy. On 8 September 1780, the New London paper carried a letter from several officers of the militia, in which they lauded the generosity of Mumford. The officers stated that the attack on Mumford was an “invidious sneer,” and that his “known Generosity both to the Continental Officers as well as to those of the Brigade, and his extreame liberal Aid in many repeated Instances and many strenuous Exertions to establish the Independence of his Country . . .” The officers noted that Mumford had financially assisted many officers and soldier’s families. The letter was signed by twenty-one officers of the militia.80 A week later a more detailed attack on Mumford was published, with a sarcastic rebuttal of the officer’s letter. Mumford had contracted to import military stores for the state, and it was alleged only part had been delivered. Further, he had taken soldiers to use as crew men on the Hancock, to further his own fortune. His request for the returns of men was an act of arrogance. The letter was signed only as “Detector.”81 This was the final salvo in this affair, but certainly shows the divided feelings about the privateering industry.
Meanwhile, Connecticut Privateer Sloop Randolph (Commander Nicholl Fosdick) sailed in August 1780, and apparently with the Hancock.82 They steered to the northeast83 and eventually met the British Privateer Sloop Hibernia84 (James Hanna)85 and a prize schooner that she had captured.86 The schooner was bound from Santee, South Carolina and was put under prize master Henry Franks by the British. Her cargo consisted of naval stores.87 Hibernia was armed with ten 3-pounders and chose to fight, at least until Randolph got alongside and fired a broadside into her. With one dead and several wounded, Hanna surrendered. Meanwhile Hancock rounded up the schooner.88 This was undoubtedly the schooner with naval stores that arrived at New London on 25 August.89 Hancock escorted the Hibernia into New London on 2 September 1780. Following the capture Hancock had been chased by a British frigate, and threw over part of her guns to elude her pursuer. The schooner arrived at Providence, Rhode Island. Randolph returned to port on 4 September, having sprung her mast in a chase.90
The next day,91 Randolph and Hancock captured the 30-ton92 sloop Venus93 (John Jasitays, prize master), another re-capture with a cargo of naval stores. She was bound from the James River in Virginia. She was ordered off to New London,94 where she arrived on 5 September.95
Hibernia was advertised for sale on 8 September, being noted as 80 tons and armed with ten 3-pounders. The sale was to be at Norwich on 19 September. Advertised at the same time was the 50-ton schooner captured by Hancock and the 30-ton sloop Venus.96 All three vessels were libeled on 29 September with trials set for 19 October 1780.97 An advertisement for the distribution of prize money for this cruise appeared in the New London paper on 14 November 1780.98
Chester resumed the command of the Hancock. She proceeded on a voyage to the West Indies and specifically to the port of Demerara, in the Netherlands colony of Demerara. Hancock took on her cargo and was on the point of sailing when she was captured in the Essequibo River, during the British attack on the Netherlands West Indies colonies about 27 February 1781.99 Chester was held prisoner in various West Indies islands. He eventually escaped to a neutral island and from there got passage to Philadelphia. He returned to New London on 25 September 1781.100 Soon after returning home, Chester was exposed to a person coming from one of the prison ships at New York, contracted a fever, and died at Groton on 7 December 1781.101
1 NRAR, 323. In Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 106-107, the bond is given as $2000. All the other data is the same.
2 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 106-107.
3 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, February 19, 1779
4 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, March 25, 1779
5 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 13, 1779
6 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, April 1, 1779
7 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 106, letter from Thomas Mumford reprinted.
8 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, April 15, 1779
9 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, April 22, 1779
10 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, April 15, 1779
11 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 13, 1779
12 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, April 15, 1779
13 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, April 22, 1779
14 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, April 15, 1779
15 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 106,, 54-55
16 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, April 22, 1779
17 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, April 29, 1779
18 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 5, 1779
19 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
20 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 13, 1779
21 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
22 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 13, 1779
23 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
24 Maclay, History of American Privateers, 115
25 Claghorn, Naval Officers of the American Revolution, 69
26 Maclay, History of American Privateers, 115
27 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 13, 1779
28 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
29 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 13, 1779
30 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 20, 1779
31 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 13, 1779
32 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 20, 1779
33 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779. See also Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 106, 54-55.
34 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779.
35 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 20, 1779
36 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
37 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 20, 1779
38 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
39 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 20, 1779
40 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
41 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 20, 1779
42 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
43 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 107
44 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, June 10, 1779
45 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 13, 1779
46 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, June 10, 1779
47 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, June 10, 1779
48 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, June 10, 1779
49 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 107
50 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, June 17, 1779. This prize is frequently confused with the Eagle captured by the British prisoners and taken into New York.
51 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, June 24, 1779
52 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, June 17, 1779
53 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, July 1, 1779
54 Maclay, History of American Privateers, 135-136
55 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, August 18, 1779
56 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, September 1, 1779
57 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, September 15, 1779
58 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, September 29, 1779
59 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, September 1, 1779
60 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, September 29, 1779
61 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, September 29, 1779
62 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, December 15, 1779
63 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, January 12, 1780
64 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 14, 1780
65 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, April 28, 1780
66 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 26, 1780
67 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, May 26, 1780
68 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 9, 1780
69 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 2, 1780
70 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 23, 1780
71 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 9, 1780
72 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 23, 1780
73 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 23, 1780
74 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 23, 1780
75 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, June 30, 1780
76 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, July 14, 1780
77 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, July 14, 1780
78 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, July 14, 1780
79 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, August 18, 1780
80 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780
81 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 15, 1780
82 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 107
83 McManemin, Privateers, 40
84 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780
85 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 29, 1780
86 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780
87 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 29, 1780. Other accounts say she was from France to Virginia with naval stores. The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780.
88 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780
89 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 107
90 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780
91 McManemin, Privateers, 41
92 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, Friday, September 8, 1780
93 Claghorn, Naval Officers of the American Revolution, 113; McManemin, Privateers, 41
94 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 29, 1780
95 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780
96 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 8, 1780
97 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 29, 1780
98 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Tuesday, November 14, 1780
99 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, March 30, 1781
100 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, September 28, 1781
101 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Friday, December 14, 1781
| Posted 21 July 2009 |
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