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Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue |
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| American Revenue | (1) Commander Stephen Tinker |
| Armed Sloop | 15 June 1776- |
| Connecticut Privateer Sloop | (2) Commander William Packwood
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| Commissioned/First Date: | 15 June 1776 |
| Out of Service/Cause: | 6 August 1779/captured by HM Frigate Greyhound |
| Owners: | Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. & Co. (including Samuel Champlin and William Packwood), of New London, Connecticut |
| Tonnage: | 65 |
| Battery: | Date Reported: 15 June 1776 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 8/4-pounder 32 pounds 16 pounds Total: 8 cannon/32 pounds Broadside: 4 cannon/16 pounds Swivels: Date Reported: 9 October 1776 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 12/ Total: 12 cannon/ Broadside: 6 cannon/ Swivels: Date Reported: 21 July 1778 Number/Caliber Weight Broadside 14/ Total: 14 cannon/ Broadside: 7 cannon/ Swivels: |
| Crew: | (1) 15 June 1776: 26 [total]
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| Description: |
| Officers: | (1) First Lieutenant James Lanifear, 15 June 1776-May 1777; (2) First Lieutenant William Leeds, May 1777-August 1777; (3) First Lieutenant James Angel, -6 August 1779; (4) Second Lieutenant William Leeds, 9 October 1776-May 1777; (5) Lieutenant Jonathan Leeds, June 1777-; (6) Master William Powers, 15 June 1776-June 1777; (7) Master Sylvanus Pinkham, June 1777- |
| Cruises: | (1) New London, Connecticut to sea and return, [25 August] 1776-[1 October] 1776
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| Prizes: | (1) Ship Mary (William Jones), 19 November 1776, at 27°N
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| Actions: | (1) Action with Mary, 19 November 1776 |
Comments:
Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue was commissioned on 15 June 1776 under Commander Stephen Tinker of New London. She was bonded for $5000 by Tinker, owner Nathaniel Shaw, Jr., and Thomas Shaw of New London. American Revenue's officers were First Lieutenant James Lanifear and Master William Powers. She was listed as a 65-ton sloop with eight 4-pounders, four swivels and a crew of twenty-five.1 American Revenue had been a merchant vessel in Shaw’s employ before this, and Tinker was her former merchant skipper. On 13 June Shaw had notified Governor Trumbull that he had put eight guns on the sloop and was sending Tinker to obtain the commission. The trip evidently took two days.2
American Revenue lay at New London fitting out for a time. She received a few small items of munitions from the Continental Navy Brig Cabot on 26 July 1776, which establishes that she was still in port then.3
At this point Tinker seems to have been superceded by William Packwood, another merchant skipper in Shaw’s employment. The account against the sloop American Revenue, drawn up on 6 August 1776, lists him as her commander. The account looks like an entirely different vessel is being outfitted, the first item listed being the value of the hull and cannon, £2700. Numerous items of materials and labor are mentioned, including 300 3-pound shot and cartridge boxes for 3-pounders. The whole cost of the fitting out, including Shaw’s commission, amounted to £4407.15.6.4 This account may indicate, however, that Shaw was valuing and fitting out the sloop for a syndicate of owners, of which he was the principal. American Revenue was apparently armed with 3-pounders, rather than the 4-pounders mentioned in the commission application.
American Revenue was therefore nearly ready for sea by 6 August. She was still in port on 22 August, when there was a vague plan for Connecticut Navy Brig Defence (Captain Seth Harding) and Continental Navy Brig Cabot (Lieutenant Elisha Hinman) to sail with the American Revenue.5 Packwood did sail with Defence, about 31 August or 1 September 1776. Six days out of port he spoke Captain Niles in the Connecticut Navy Schooner Spy.6 After an apparently fruitless cruise, American Revenue was soon back in port.
On 4 October Shaw drew up a new account against the sloop, listing Samuel Champlin, Jr. as her commander. The total for this account was £603.7.8.7 The sloop was re-commissioned on 9 October 1776, with a bond in the amount of $5000, under Samuel Champlin, Jr. of New London. Her bonders were Champlin and John Tilley and Simon Wolcott, both of New London. She was listed as having twelve guns and a crew of 100 men.8 Her new Second Lieutenant was William Leeds.9
Champlin took her over to Edgartown, Massachusetts, by 29 October. There she was filling out her crew,10 and preparing for sea. She sailed in early November 1776.
American Revenue took the first prize of her patrol on either 19 November11 or 21 November12 1776. This was the 150-ton13 ship Mary14 (William Jones).15 Mary was a slave trader,16 and was described as a “light Guineaman.”17 She was bound to Liverpool, England from St. Christopher’s in the British West Indies18 when she met the American Revenue at 27°N. Jones had six guns aboard the Mary and put up a short fight before striking. When Jones told Champlin that Mary had parted with sixteen sail the day before, Champlin went off in pursuit.19 A number of Mary's crew enlisted in the American Revenue,20 before the prize was sent in. Mary made New Bedford, Massachusetts21 on 12 December 1776.22 From New Bedford the prize crew traveled to New London. Since some of them were original crew members of the Mary and had helped bring her in they were due their wages. On 17 March 1777 they signed a receipt stating that they were each paid $100 in lieu of wages and prize money for service on the guinea ship Mary (William Jones) and the American Revenue.23 Mary was libeled on 3 April 1777 and tried on 22 April.24
American Revenue then moved over to the windward of Barbados,25 where the 100-ton brigantine26 or brig Athol (James Wadie27 [Waddee])28 was captured, about early December 1776. She was en route from Quebec29 or Halifax30 with a cargo of fish31 and lumber,32 bound to Grenada33 or Dominica.34 This prize arrived at New Bedford before 31 January 1777.35 She was libeled on 3 April 1777 with trial set for 23 April.36
The American Revenue now apparently moved somewhat to the south. Her next prize was the schooner Two Brothers (John Salter)37 which was captured on 27 December 177638 or 3 January 1777.39 The 150-ton40 Two Brothers was bound from Cork, Ireland to Jamaica,41 with a cargo of beef, pork, butter, bread, flour42 cheese, fish, oats, and salt. A prize master, Second Lieutenant William Leeds,43 and a prize crew of seven men were put aboard.44
On 3 February 177745 the Two Brothers was approaching the coast, having closed on Gardiner’s Island,46 when she was sighted and chased by a patrolling British warship,47 HM Frigate Niger.48 The prize master ran her ashore near Westerly, Rhode Island. The crew jumped out and put a warp from the schooner to the shore, pulled her up tight, and began unloading the cargo. Niger moved in closer, laying down a heavy fire on the schooner, and driving the prize crew to abandon her. A barge with twelve sailors rowed from the warship and got aboard the Two Brothers. Rhode Island troops under Colonel Stanton and militia under Colonel Noyes, stationed in Westerly to defend the town, hurried down to the beach with two field pieces, and returned fire to the warship. The boarding party, unable to get the schooner unstuck, set her on fire49 in the cabin50 and returned to the Niger. The prize crew re-boarded the Two Brothers, put out the fire, and watched the British sail away.51
The schooner was brought up to Westerly. Both troops and prize crew now claimed the prize. On 11 February the two colonels, Stanton and Noyes, filed a libel in the Rhode Island admiralty court against the Two Brothers. The next day the agents for American Revenue also filed a libel. The trial was held at South Kingston, Rhode Island on 2 April 1777. The court condemned the schooner and awarded her to the privateer. When the colonels decided to appeal the verdict, the owners were permitted to sell the prize on giving bond to return the monies if the verdict was overturned. Two Brothers was sold for £4038.16.4. After court costs the owners and crew divided £2698.12.4.52 By 11 October 1777 the appellants notified the owners of the American Revenue that the appeal had been made to Congress and had been referred to the standing committee on appeals.53 In a letter of 22 October to Thomas Shaw, Simon Wolcott noted that Shaw’s brother had been “cited to Congress” by the two colonels.54
After capturing the Two Brothers, the American Revenue stood south. She needed to replenish her wood and water and called at the Dutch port in Surinam to do so. Champlin did not receive a warm welcome. He was there five days trying to get permission from the Dutch governor to wood and water, without success. However, he later reported he accomplished the task by “Stealth.”55
Sailing from Surinam, American Revenue made another prize. She took the brig56 or brigantine Sally57 (Barry Hartwell) on 22 January 1777.58 Sally was a large two-decked vessel, bound from London, England59 to Tobago, British West Indies60 with a cargo of dry goods61 and “English goods.”62 One newspaper reported her cargo was valued at £30,000.63 Champlin was impressed with Sally, and called her “a fine Sailor with a good new Sute of Sailes”64 Sally had sailed from England as part of a convoy escorted by HM Frigate Glasgow (Captain Thomas Pasley) and HM Sloops Hornet, Beaver, and Fly. She had parted from the convoy about 15 December 1776.65
After taking the Sally her master and pilot were removed to the American Revenue. Master William Powers was put aboard as prize master,66 with a prize crew, and Champlin ordered Sally into New Bern, North Carolina, to the attention of John Wright Stanley.67 Hartwell was informed she was being ordered into Charleston, South Carolina. Sally arrived at New Bern on 21 February 1777.68
By 13 March 1777 Shaw knew of Powers’ arrival at New Bern, and wrote to John Wright Stanley to take care of the prize, not knowing of Champlin’s orders to Powers. Orders were given as to how to get the money, and Powers, back to Connecticut.69 Similar instructions went to Powers the same day.70 On 20 March Stanley reported the safe arrival of the brigantine. Following Champlin’s orders Powers had applied to Stanley. She would be tried in a few days, and sold in about twenty days. Stanley recommended Ocracoke Inlet for any future prizes captured by Shaw’s vessels.71
Meanwhile, Hartwell had informed Champlin that Sally was actually American property, owned by Samuel Mifflin of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Champlin, despite what he had told Hartwell, was sailing for New London. He got as far north as Cape Hatteras in early February 1777, but was driven off by storms to 28°N. After beating off and on for some thirty days the American Revenue ran into Charleston, arriving on 8 March 1777. In a report to Shaw, on 9 March, Champlin stated that American Revenue had become very leaky and would be overhauled before Champlin proceeded north.72
Hartwell, in a letter from Charleston, notified his owner of the capture, and that the prize was expected in Charleston.73 Taking no chances, Champlin kept him and the pilot with the American Revenue, giving the North Carolina court time to act without hearing a protest.74
On 5 April 1777 Mifflin wrote to Alexander Gillon & Co. of Charleston. He explained that the Sally had sailed from Philadelphia in September 1775 with a cargo of flaxseed, consigned to James Mitchell of Londonderry, Ireland. Mitchell was to employ the Sally as he thought fit. Mitchell sent her to the West Indies, and, to cover the property, re-registered her as his vessel. Nevertheless, she was Mifflin’s. He had built her in 1768, and she was valuable for her size. Mifflin knew of many similar devices to cover American property, and was sure the court would acquit the Sally. He asked Gillon & Co. to defend the vessel, and suggested a salvage payment of £100-200 was better than a lawsuit. If she were condemned then an appeal could be lodged.75
The court indeed did condemn the Sally, and the detention of Hartwell gave ample grounds for appeal. On 24 December 1777 a petition of Mifflin’s was presented to the Continental Congress, requesting an appeal from the verdict. The petition was postponed, as Congress understood the matter had been referred to the North Carolina legislature.76
American Revenue was apparently at Bedford in Dartmouth by 10 April 1777. On that day a sailor from the privateer sold his prize share for $25.77 The privateer was certainly there on 10 April,78 when she was said to be hauled up in the port.79 Nathaniel Shaw was eager to get her refitted and back out to sea. There was also in Bedford the Connecticut Navy Brig Defence (Lieutenant Samuel Smedley) with some prizes. Shaw, in his capacity as Connecticut Agent, traveled to Bedford. He had permission from Governor Trumbull, on 25 April, to use materials from the prize to refit his sloop.80 The same day the Connecticut newspaper reported her arrival.81 The cruise had proved to be fruitful, as the proceeds from the prizes amounted to £4863.1.1.82
American Revenue prepared for sea again. Jonathan Leeds joined the sloop,83 being discharged from the Connecticut Navy on 16 June 1777.84 Not long after Leeds came aboard the sloop sailed on her third cruise.85 This time she sailed in company with Rhode Island Privateer Sloop United States (Commander Benjamin Pearce [Pierce]).86 The pair steered down for the West Indies convoy routes.
The first prize captured by the two,87 in July 1777,88 was the 80 ton89 brigantine90 Mary91 [Mary Ann] (Arthur Turner)92 bound from St. Christophers, British West Indies, to Ireland93 with a cargo of rum.94 She was sent into Boston, where she was libeled on 4 August 1777, in the Massachusetts Maritime Court of the Middle District, with her trial set for 19 August.95 She was condemned and her cargo sold for $13,342. On 19 November 1777, in an elaborate settling-up of accounts, Nathaniel Shaw noted that American Revenue had seventy men aboard at the time of her capture, and the United States had thirty-eight aboard.96 Prize shares were being paid on this cruise by 28 November 1777.97
The second98 prize captured by the two, in July 1777,99 was the 70-ton100 schooner101 Nancy102 (Laurence Mackey)103 with a cargo of rum.104 She was sent into Bedford.105 She was libeled in the Massachusetts Maritime Court for the Southern District on 29 August 1777, with her trial set for 24 September 1777.106 Her cargo was sold for $17,437.107 Apparently the vessel was moved to New London, arriving the last week of August 1777.108 On 19 November 1777, in an elaborate settling-up of accounts, Nathaniel Shaw noted that American Revenue had sixty-eight men aboard at the time of her capture, and the United States had thirty-eight aboard.109 Prize shares were being paid on this cruise by 28 November 1777.110
The third prize was captured in July 1777,111 the 180-ton112 ship113 Rebecca114 (George Catton).115 Rebecca was reported as being laden with sugar and homeward bound from Jamaica. She was sent into, probably, Bedford, by the United States, arriving at some time before 17 July 1777.116 Rebecca was libeled in the Massachusetts Maritime Court for the Southern District on 29 August 1777, with her trial set for 24 September 1777.117 She was later apparently sent into New London.118 There were sixty-three men aboard the American Revenue when she was captured.119 Prize shares were being paid on this cruise by 28 November 1777.120
American Revenue had returned to port, again in Bedford, Massachusetts, by early August 1777. On 11 August Nathaniel Shaw paid the wife of David Pool, a sailor aboard the American Revenue, his share of prize money.121 Also receiving money on 11 August was Anna Leeds, the widow of Jonathan Leeds, who had apparently died on this cruise.122
About 19 November 1777 Shaw was asked by Nathan Miller, the agent for the United States, to settle the accounts. The settlement gives some interesting information. Brigantine Mary was sent into Boston: her cargo (rum) was valued at $13342; schooner Nancy was sent into Bedford: her cargo (rum) sold for $17437. Shaw then divided the results into halves: one for the owners, one for the crews. Shaw took 60% for the American Revenue (12 guns) leaving 40% for the United States (8 guns), thus indicating the factor used to divide the owner’s share. The crew share was divided by the number of people aboard: for the brigantine: 70 (on the American Revenue) to 38 (aboard the United States), for the schooner 68 to 38. Shaw took $19152 for himself and the crew of the American Revenue, leaving $11626 for the United States. American Revenue had 63 men aboard when Rebecca was captured. The number of crew members may indicate the order in which the captures were made.123
Following the cruise William Leeds left the American Revenue. On 31 August 1777 he was aboard the Continental Navy Brigantine Resistance (Captain Samuel Chew) as First Lieutenant.124
On 28 November 1777 a memorandum indicates Silvanus Pinkham, master on the late cruise, received prize money for himself and eight other sailors. Each share was valued at £300: Pinkham himself received £1200.125 A share in the last cruise was worth about $1000, according to another estimate.126
American Revenue was still in port on 22 October 1777. Simon Wolcott, at Bedford, urged Thomas Shaw to get her out to sea as soon as possible: if Champlin needed money “let him have what he wants.”127 By 20 January 1778 the American Revenue was nearly ready for sea. Shaw was seeking 4-pound shot and grape shot on that date.128 Champlain advertised for crewmen on 30 January, referring to the sloop as “one of the fastest sailing Vessels on the Continent; fitted in the best Manner for a four Month’s Cruise . . .” Champlain planned to sail “immediately” from New London.129 While fitting out at New London, Shaw had new colors made for the privateer. These were the new stars and stripes, as is evident from the bill, which contains the line “fine thread for ye Starrs.”130 Champlain completed some personal business on 12 February 1778, when he was paid £3300 as prize money for the previous two cruises. Sine the brigantine Sally was still tied up in courts, he was not paid for her.131 The sloop’s surgeon, Dr. Simon Wolcott (and one of the bonders for the privateer), received medical supplies from Shaw on 25 February 1778.132 Meanwhile, the First Lieutenant of the American Revenue, Levi Young, had traveled to Stonington, Connecticut on 19 February. He opened a recruiting rendezvous which lasted four days, consuming £7.19.9 worth of “Liquer” and “Victuals” during his stay.133
Champlin received his sailing orders for Shaw on 26 February and it is evident that the intention was to cruise in the area of the West Indies.134 As he had done before, Champlin took American Revenue over to Edgartown on Martha’s Vineyard to complete the crew. American Revenue arrived about 6 March 1778.135 Wolcott reported to Shaw, on 12 March 1778, that they were “invelop’d in these eternal Foggs” but that about seventy-five men were aboard.136 Champlin reported the next day that he was ready to sail, with seventy-three men aboard, and only waited a fair wind.137 However, the sloop was still at Martha’s Vineyard on 17 March, when Wolcott again reported the crew as seventy-five or eighty men. Wolcott expected the wind to turn favorable on the next day.138
Champlin took her to sea, sailing in company with the Connecticut Privateer Sloop Revenge (Commander Joseph Conkling), another of Shaw’s privateers. The ship Lovely Lass (Wade) was captured. She was bound from London for New York with a cargo of provisions, valued at £25000. Lovely Lass was sent into Boston, where she arrived on 11 May 1778.139
William Leeds of New London140 and Groton,141 now moved up to take command of American Revenue, which was re-commissioned on 21 July 1778. She was bonded for $10000 by Leeds, and Nathaniel and Thomas Shaw.142
Leeds probably took her to sea soon after, for he returned to Bedford in the last week of September 1778, bringing in one prize: schooner Juno (Samuel Pepper), bound from New York to Quebec with a cargo of salt.143 Juno had sailed with nine other vessels, but parted in a gale, before being captured.144
Leeds was again at sea in December 1778. On 17 December the American Revenue arrived at New London with several items of sails, rigging, and stores which had been salvaged from the wreck of the British Transport Ship Marquis of Rockingham. The Connecticut Privateer Ship Governor Trumbull (Commander Henry Billings) had assisted in the salvage operations. Marquis of Rockingham was bound from Newport, Rhode Island to New York with a cargo of hay. On 13 December she was castaway on Gardiner’s Island, New York. Only five people out of her crew of twenty-two were saved, the rest drowning or freezing to death.145
American Revenue apparently stayed in port for a while. An advertisement in the Connecticut Gazette of 5 January 1779 indicates that prize money was ready to be distributed for the proceeds of Champlin’s last voyage. Applicants were to call on Samuel Thompson at Groton.146
A spring cruise followed, perhaps with Pennsylvania Privateer Sloop Active (Peter Day).147 In April 1779 the 40-ton148 schooner Polly (Samuel Price) was brought into New London. She was tried on 28 April 1779.149 Polly may have had a cargo of tobacco.150 She was advertised for sale at New London on 27 May 1779, with the sale to be held on 8 June 1779.151
In May 1779 the British Privateer Schooner Sally (John Spelling),152 eight guns,153 was libeled. She was condemned 10 June 1779.154 The 50-ton schooner Sally was advertised for sale at New London on 27 May 1779, with the sale to be held on 8 June 1779, with her eight guns, swivel guns, and stores.155
American Revenue joined with Connecticut Privateer Sloop Revenge (Commander Nathan Post) to capture a sloop bound from the West Indies with a cargo of sugar and rum. This was the 50-ton sloop Dispatch, armed with eight swivel guns. Dispatch was sent into New London and arrived on 16 May 1779. She was advertised for sale at New London on 27 May, with the sale to be held on 8 June.156
Schooner Proteus (Edward Standing),157 a pilot boat built schooner, was bound from North Carolina to the West Indies with tobacco and tar as her cargo. She was captured by the British and then re-captured by the American Revenue. The privateer brought her into New London on 18 May.158 Proteus was libeled in May and condemned on 10 June.159
The agent for the sloop advertised for the distribution of prize shares for this cruise on 21 July 1779.160
Meanwhile, American Revenue was commissioned for the fourth time on 9 June 1779 under Samuel Champlin again. Her bond was in the amount of $10000. The bond was made by Champlin, Thomas Shaw and Michael Melally of New London.161 It is clear that she put to sea almost immediately after her commissioning.
Sloop Berkley162 [Betsey]163 (Benjamin Crane) was bound from New Bern, North Carolina to Dartmouth, Massachusetts with a cargo of provisions. Off New York, Berkley was captured by the British Privateer Schooner Sheelah164 (Henry McKibbin),165 a twelve gun vessel out of New York.166 One Young was sent aboard as prize-master and ordered into New York, to deliver the Americans to the prison ships before going ashore in the port.167 On 17 June168 Berkley fell in with the American Revenue and was re-captured. She was sent into New London and arrived there on 18 June.169 Apparently the Sheelah was captured at the same time. Sheelah was sent into New London, where she arrived on 5 July 1779.170 Shelah was libeled on 4 August 1779, with her trial set for 17 August.171 Sheelar, described as a 50-ton schooner with eight guns, was advertised for sale on 11 August 1779, with the sale to take place on 18 August.172
Schooner Carolina (James Johnson) was captured, perhaps in mid-July 1779. She was sent into New London, where she safely arrived. She was libeled on 4 August 1779, with her trial set for 17 August 1779.173 Carolina, noted as 80 tons, was advertised for sale on 11 August 1779, with the sale to take place on 18 August. Some of her cargo of timber and tobacco was to be sold at the same time.174
On 6 August 1779 American Revenue was sailing in company with Connecticut Privateer Sloop Hancock (Commander Lodowick Champlin). Both privateers were sighted and chased by HM Frigate Greyhound. After a close chase Hancock escaped by throwing overboard her guns and other articles and got into Boston. American Revenue was not so fortunate. She was taken into New York.175 Champlin was exchanged on 12 August,176 and arrived at New London on 14 August 1779.177 American Revenue’s lieutenant, James Angel, was exchanged on 25 August.178 American Revenue was tried and condemned at New York.179
1 NRAR, 225; NDAR, “Application for Privateering Commission For the Connecticut Sloop American Revenue,” V, 547-548. See also NDAR, “List of Bonds for Connecticut Letters of Marque,” X, 589-590
2 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Governor Jonathan Trumbull,” V, 510 and notes
3 NDAR, “Memorandum Goods Received from on board the Brig Cabot Elisha Hinman Commander June 27th, 1776,” V, 769-770
4 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.’s Account Against the Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” VI, 80-84
5 NDAR, “Governor Jonathan Trumbull to John Hancock,” VI, 264-265
6 NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, September 13, 1776,” VI, 804
7 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.’s Account Against the Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” VI, 1128-1130
8 NRAR, 225; NDAR, “List of Bonds for Connecticut Letters of Marque,” X, 589-590
9 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Captain William Powers, New Bern, North Carolina,” VIII, 101
10 NDAR, “Assignment of Prize Shares by William Morris, a Seaman on Board the Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” VI, 1443; “Agent Appointed by Three Crew Members of the Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” VI, 1460
11 NDAR,“Nathaniel Shaw, Jr’s Account Against Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” VII, 210; “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.’s Account Against the Prize Ship Mary,” VII, 211; “Petition of Daniel Madden to the Massachusetts General Court,” VIII, 215-216
12 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes. The date is given by the editors in the notes.
13 NDAR, “Libels Filed Against Six Prizes in the Massachusetts Admiralty Court,” VIII, 262
14 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr’s Account Against Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” VII, 210; “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.’s Account Against the Prize Ship Mary,” VII, 211; “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes; “Petition of Daniel Madden to the Massachusetts General Court,” VIII, 215-216; “Libels Filed Against Six Prizes in the Massachusetts Admiralty Court,” VIII, 262
15 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes; “Petition of Daniel Madden to the Massachusetts General Court,” VIII, 215-216; “Libels Filed Against Six Prizes in the Massachusetts Admiralty Court,” VIII, 262
16 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
17 NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, December 20, 1776,” VII, 528
18 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes; “Petition of Daniel Madden to the Massachusetts General Court,” VIII, 215-216
19 NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, December 20, 1776,” VII, 528
20 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
21 NDAR, “Petition of Daniel Madden to the Massachusetts General Court,” VIII, 215-216
22 NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, December 20, 1776,” VII, 528
23 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
24 NDAR, “Libels Filed Against Six Prizes in the Massachusetts Admiralty Court,” VIII, 262
25 NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, January 31, 1777,” VII, 1068-1069 and 1069 note; “Independent Chronicle, Thursday, February 6, 1777,” VII, 1118 and note
26 NDAR, “Libels Filed Against Six Prizes in the Massachusetts Admiralty Court,” VIII, 262 and note. See also Faibisy, “A Compilation of Nova Scotia Vessels Seized during the American Revolution and Libelled in the New England Prize Courts,” in NDAR, X, 1201-1210.
27 NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, January 31, 1777,” VII, 1068-1069 and 1069 note; “Independent Chronicle, Thursday, February 6, 1777,” VII, 1118 and note; “Libels Filed Against Six Prizes in the Massachusetts Admiralty Court,” VIII, 262 and note; Faibisy, “A Compilation of Nova Scotia Vessels Seized during the American Revolution and Libelled in the New England Prize Courts,” in NDAR, X, 1201-1210
28 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
29 NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, January 31, 1777,” VII, 1068-1069 and 1069 note; “Independent Chronicle, Thursday, February 6, 1777,” VII, 1118 and note; “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
30 Faibisy, “A Compilation of Nova Scotia Vessels Seized during the American Revolution and Libelled in the New England Prize Courts,” in NDAR, X, 1201-1210
31 NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, January 31, 1777,” VII, 1068-1069 and 1069 note; “Independent Chronicle, Thursday, February 6, 1777,” VII, 1118 and note; Faibisy, “A Compilation of Nova Scotia Vessels Seized during the American Revolution and Libelled in the New England Prize Courts,” in NDAR, X, 1201-1210
32 Faibisy, “A Compilation of Nova Scotia Vessels Seized during the American Revolution and Libelled in the New England Prize Courts,” in NDAR, X, 1201-1210
33 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
34 Faibisy, “A Compilation of Nova Scotia Vessels Seized during the American Revolution and Libelled in the New England Prize Courts,” in NDAR, X, 1201-1210
35 NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, January 31, 1777,” VII, 1068-1069 and 1069 note; “Independent Chronicle, Thursday, February 6, 1777,” VII, 1118 and note
36 NDAR, “Libels Filed Against Six Prizes in the Massachusetts Admiralty Court,” VIII, 262 and note. In Faibisy, “A Compilation of Nova Scotia Vessels Seized during the American Revolution and Libelled in the New England Prize Courts,” in NDAR, X, 1201-1210, trial date is given as 22 April 1777.
37 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes; “Trial and Condemnation in Rhode Island Admiralty Court of the Schooner Two Brothers,” VIII, 250-254 and 254 note
38 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.’s Account Against the Prize Schooner Two Brothers,” VII, 606 and note
39 NDAR, “Trial and Condemnation in Rhode Island Admiralty Court of the Schooner Two Brothers,” VIII, 250-254 and 254 note
40 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Robert Morris,” VII, 1103
41 NDAR, “Trial and Condemnation in Rhode Island Admiralty Court of the Schooner Two Brothers,” VIII, 250-254 and 254 note
42 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Robert Morris,” VII, 1103; “Trial and Condemnation in Rhode Island Admiralty Court of the Schooner Two Brothers,” VIII, 250-254 and 254 note
43 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Captain William Powers, New Bern, North Carolina,” VIII, 101
44 NDAR, “Trial and Condemnation in Rhode Island Admiralty Court of the Schooner Two Brothers,” VIII, 250-254 and 254 note
45 NDAR, “Trial and Condemnation in Rhode Island Admiralty Court of the Schooner Two Brothers,” VIII, 250-254 and 254 note
46 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Captain William Powers, New Bern, North Carolina,” VIII, 101
47 NDAR, “Trial and Condemnation in Rhode Island Admiralty Court of the Schooner Two Brothers,” VIII, 250-254 and 254 note
48 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Robert Morris,” VII, 1103
49 NDAR, “Trial and Condemnation in Rhode Island Admiralty Court of the Schooner Two Brothers,” VIII, 250-254 and 254 note
50 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Robert Morris,” VII, 1103
51 NDAR, “Trial and Condemnation in Rhode Island Admiralty Court of the Schooner Two Brothers,” VIII, 250-254 and 254 note. See also NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, February 7, 1777,” VII, 1136.
52 NDAR, “Trial and Condemnation in Rhode Island Admiralty Court of the Schooner Two Brothers,” VIII, 250-254 and 254 note
53 NDAR, “Simon Wolcott to Thomas Shaw,” X, 115 and note
54 NDAR, “Simon Wolcott to Thomas Shaw,” X, 237
55 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
56 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle, Thursday, March 6, 1777,” VIII, 37-38 and 38 note
57 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle, Thursday, March 6, 1777,” VIII, 37-38 and 38 note; “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
58 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
59 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle, Thursday, March 6, 1777,” VIII, 37-38 and 38 note; “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
60 NDAR, “Captain Thomas Pasley, R.N., to Vice Admiral Clark Gayton,” VII, 1263-1264; “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
61 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
62 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle, Thursday, March 6, 1777,” VIII, 37-38 and 38 note
63 NDAR, “Providence Gazette, Saturday, April 12, 1777,” VIII, 326
64 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
65 NDAR, “Captain Thomas Pasley, R.N., to Vice Admiral Clark Gayton,” VII, 1263-1264
66 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to John Wright Stanley,” VIII, 100-101; “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Captain William Powers, New Bern, North Carolina,” VIII, 101
67 NDAR, “John Wright Stanley to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 159-160
68 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Captain William Powers, New Bern, North Carolina,” VIII, 101
69 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to John Wright Stanley,” VIII, 100-101
70 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr. to Captain William Powers, New Bern, North Carolina,” VIII, 101
71 NDAR, “John Wright Stanley to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 159-160
72 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr. to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 67-68 and 68 notes
73 NDAR, “Samuel Mifflin to Alexander Gillon & Co.,” VIII, 275-277
74 NDAR, “Journal of the Continental Congress,” X, 796 and note
75 NDAR, “Samuel Mifflin to Alexander Gillon & Co.,” VIII, 275-277
76 NDAR, “Journal of the Continental Congress,” X, 796 and note
77 NDAR, “Assignment of Prize Share by a Crewman of the Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” VIII, 311 and note
78 NDAR, “Assignment of Prize Share by a Crewman of the Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” VIII, 311
79 NDAR, “Lieutenant Samuel Smedley, Connecticut Navy Brig Defence, to Governor Jonathan Trumbull,” VIII, 376-377
80 NDAR, “Governor Jonathan Trumbull to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 426; “Governor Jonathan Trumbull to Samuel Eliot,” VIII, 465-466 and 466 note
81 NDAR, “Connecticut Gazette, Friday, April 25, 1777,” VIII, 426-427
82 NDAR, “Hitchins Boden to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” VIII, 919 and note
83 NDAR, “Receipts for Prize Money from Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” IX, 734
84 NDAR, “Pay Roll of the Brig Defence, belonging to the State of Connecticut, Samuel Smedley, Esqr., Commander,” IX, 116-118
85 NDAR, “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623
86 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes
87 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes. The number of men aboard the American Revenue was seventy men, and declined for other prizes, indicating Mary was the first.
88 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
89 The Boston Gazette, and Country Journal, Monday, August 4, 1777
90 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes; “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
91 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes; “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623
92 The Boston Gazette, and Country Journal, Monday, August 4, 1777
93 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
94 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
95 The Boston Gazette, and Country Journal, Monday, August 4, 1777
96 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes
97 NDAR, “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623
98 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes
99 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
100 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Friday, August 29, 1777
101 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes; “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
102 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes; “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623
103 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Friday, August 29, 1777
104 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
105 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes
106 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Friday, August 29, 1777
107 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes
108 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
109 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes
110 NDAR, “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623
111 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
112 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Friday, August 29, 1777
113 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes; “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623; Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
114 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes; “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623
115 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Friday, August 29, 1777
116 NDAR, “Independent Chronicle, Thursday, July 17, 1777,” IX, 293-294
117 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Friday, August 29, 1777
118 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
119 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes
120 NDAR, “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623
121 NDAR, “Receipts for Prize Money from Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” IX, 734
122 NDAR, “Receipts for Prize Money from Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” IX, 734
123 NDAR, “Division of Prize Money between the Connecticut Privateer American Revenue and the Rhode Island Privateer United States,” X, 539-540 and 540 notes
124 NDAR, “Muster Roll of Continental Navy Brigantine Resistance, Captain Samuel Chew,” IX, 855-856
125 NDAR, “Silvanus Pinkham to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” X, 622-623
126 NDAR, “Simon Wolcott to Thomas Shaw,” X, 237
127 NDAR, “Simon Wolcott to Thomas Shaw,” X, 237
128 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw Jr., to Daniel Tillinghast,” XI, 168-169 and 169 note
129 NDAR, “Advertisement for Seamen for Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” XI, 230
130 NDAR, “Bill for Making Flags for Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” XI, 316
131 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr.’s Receipt for Prize Money for the Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” XI, 326
132 NDAR, “Account of Surgeon’s Instruments for the Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue, 388 and notes
133 NDAR, “John Dennison’s Account with the Connecticut Privateer Sloop American Revenue,” XI, 409
134 NDAR, “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr., & Co. to Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr.,” XI, 437; “Nathaniel Shaw, Jr., to Patrick Moore,” XI, 437-438 and notes
135 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr., ro Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” XI, 628 and notes
136 NDAR, “Simon Wolcott to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” XI, 616 and 617 notes
137 NDAR, “Captain Samuel Champlin, Jr., ro Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” XI, 628 and notes
138 NDAR, “Simon Wolcott to Nathaniel Shaw, Jr.,” XI, 670 and notes
139 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, 51-53
140 NRAR, 225
141 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
142 NRAR, 225
143 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
144 The Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser [Philadelphia], Saturday, October 24, 1778, datelined New London, October 14
145 The Connecticut Journal [New Haven], Wednesday, December 23, 1778, datelined New London, December 18
146 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
147 Maclay, History of American Privateers, 133
148 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
149 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
150 Maclay, History of American Privateers, 133
151 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
152 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
153 Maclay, History of American Privateers, 133
154 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
155 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
156 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
157 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
158 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Thursday, May 27, 1779
159 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
160 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, July 21, 1779
161 NRAR, 225
162 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, July 1, 1779, datelined New London. June 24, 1779
163 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
164 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, July 1, 1779, datelined New London. June 24, 1779
165 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, August 11, 1779; The Boston Gazette, and Country Journal, Monday, April 19, 1779: a list of privateers fitted out at New York
166 The Boston Gazette, and Country Journal, Monday, April 19, 1779: a list of privateers fitted out at New York
167 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, July 1, 1779, datelined New London. June 24, 1779
168 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
169 The Independent Chronicle and the Universal Advertiser [Boston], Thursday, July 1, 1779, datelined New London. June 24, 1779
170 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
171 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, August 4, 1779
172 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, August 11, 1779
173 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53; The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, August 4, 1779
174 The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, August 11, 1779
175 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53; The Connecticut Gazette and the Universal Intelligencer [New London], Wednesday, August 4, 1779
176 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
177 The Pennsylvania Evening Post [Philadelphia], Monday, August 30, 1779, datelined New London, August 18
178 Middlebrook, Maritime Connecticut During The Revolution, II, 51-53
179 HCA 32/267/2/1-6
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